PMID- 24901309
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20150805
LR  - 20240324
IS  - 1932-6203 (Electronic)
IS  - 1932-6203 (Linking)
VI  - 9
IP  - 6
DP  - 2014
TI  - Nutrient patterns and their food sources in an International Study Setting: 
      report from the EPIC study.
PG  - e98647
LID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0098647 [doi]
LID - e98647
AB  - BACKGROUND: Compared to food patterns, nutrient patterns have been rarely used 
      particularly at international level. We studied, in the context of a multi-center 
      study with heterogeneous data, the methodological challenges regarding pattern 
      analyses. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We identified nutrient patterns from 
      food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) in the European Prospective Investigation 
      into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Study and used 24-hour dietary recall (24-HDR) 
      data to validate and describe the nutrient patterns and their related food 
      sources. Associations between lifestyle factors and the nutrient patterns were 
      also examined. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied on 23 nutrients 
      derived from country-specific FFQ combining data from all EPIC centers (N = 
      477,312). Harmonized 24-HDRs available for a representative sample of the EPIC 
      populations (N = 34,436) provided accurate mean group estimates of nutrients and 
      foods by quintiles of pattern scores, presented graphically. An overall PCA 
      combining all data captured a good proportion of the variance explained in each 
      EPIC center. Four nutrient patterns were identified explaining 67% of the total 
      variance: Principle component (PC) 1 was characterized by a high contribution of 
      nutrients from plant food sources and a low contribution of nutrients from animal 
      food sources; PC2 by a high contribution of micro-nutrients and proteins; PC3 was 
      characterized by polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin D; PC4 was characterized 
      by calcium, proteins, riboflavin, and phosphorus. The nutrients with high 
      loadings on a particular pattern as derived from country-specific FFQ also showed 
      high deviations in their mean EPIC intakes by quintiles of pattern scores when 
      estimated from 24-HDR. Center and energy intake explained most of the variability 
      in pattern scores. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The use of 24-HDR enabled internal 
      validation and facilitated the interpretation of the nutrient patterns derived 
      from FFQs in term of food sources. These outcomes open research opportunities and 
      perspectives of using nutrient patterns in future studies particularly at 
      international level.
FAU - Moskal, Aurelie
AU  - Moskal A
AD  - Dietary Exposure Assessment Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 
      Lyon, France.
FAU - Pisa, Pedro T
AU  - Pisa PT
AD  - Dietary Exposure Assessment Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 
      Lyon, France.
FAU - Ferrari, Pietro
AU  - Ferrari P
AD  - Nutritional Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 
      Lyon, France.
FAU - Byrnes, Graham
AU  - Byrnes G
AD  - Biostatistics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
FAU - Freisling, Heinz
AU  - Freisling H
AD  - Dietary Exposure Assessment Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 
      Lyon, France.
FAU - Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine
AU  - Boutron-Ruault MC
AD  - Center for research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Nutrition, Hormones 
      and Women's Health, INSERM U1018, Villejuif, France; Universite Paris Sud, UMRS 
      1018, Villejuif, France; Institut Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif, France.
FAU - Cadeau, Claire
AU  - Cadeau C
AD  - Center for research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Nutrition, Hormones 
      and Women's Health, INSERM U1018, Villejuif, France; Universite Paris Sud, UMRS 
      1018, Villejuif, France; Institut Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif, France.
FAU - Nailler, Laura
AU  - Nailler L
AD  - Center for research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Nutrition, Hormones 
      and Women's Health, INSERM U1018, Villejuif, France; Universite Paris Sud, UMRS 
      1018, Villejuif, France; Institut Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif, France.
FAU - Wendt, Andrea
AU  - Wendt A
AD  - Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, 
      Germany.
FAU - Kuhn, Tilman
AU  - Kuhn T
AD  - Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, 
      Germany.
FAU - Boeing, Heiner
AU  - Boeing H
AD  - Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, 
      Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany.
FAU - Buijsse, Brian
AU  - Buijsse B
AD  - Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, 
      Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany.
FAU - Tjonneland, Anne
AU  - Tjonneland A
AD  - Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Diet, Genes and Environment, Copenhagen, 
      Denmark.
FAU - Halkjaer, Jytte
AU  - Halkjaer J
AD  - Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Diet, Genes and Environment, Copenhagen, 
      Denmark.
FAU - Dahm, Christina C
AU  - Dahm CC
AD  - Section for Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 
      Denmark.
FAU - Chiuve, Stephanie E
AU  - Chiuve SE
AD  - Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's 
      Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of 
      America; Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, 
      Massachusetts, United States of America.
FAU - Quiros, Jose R
AU  - Quiros JR
AD  - Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain.
FAU - Buckland, Genevieve
AU  - Buckland G
AD  - Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research 
      Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain.
FAU - Molina-Montes, Esther
AU  - Molina-Montes E
AD  - Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain.
FAU - Amiano, Pilar
AU  - Amiano P
AD  - Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER 
      Epidemiologia y Salud Publica-CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Public Health Division of 
      Gipuzkoa, BIODonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain.
FAU - Huerta Castano, Jose M
AU  - Huerta Castano JM
AD  - Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER 
      Epidemiologia y Salud Publica-CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of 
      Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, Murcia, Spain.
FAU - Gurrea, Aurelio Barricarte
AU  - Gurrea AB
AD  - Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER 
      Epidemiologia y Salud Publica-CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Navarre Public Health 
      Institute, Pamplona, Spain.
FAU - Khaw, Kay-Tee
AU  - Khaw KT
AD  - Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, 
      United Kingdom.
FAU - Lentjes, Marleen A
AU  - Lentjes MA
AD  - Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, 
      United Kingdom.
FAU - Key, Timothy J
AU  - Key TJ
AD  - Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
FAU - Romaguera, Dora
AU  - Romaguera D
AD  - Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial 
      College London, London, United Kingdom; CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y 
      Nutricion, Madrid, Spain.
FAU - Vergnaud, Anne-Claire
AU  - Vergnaud AC
AD  - Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial 
      College London, London, United Kingdom.
FAU - Trichopoulou, Antonia
AU  - Trichopoulou A
AD  - WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, 
      Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, 
      Greece; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece.
FAU - Bamia, Christina
AU  - Bamia C
AD  - WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, 
      Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, 
      Greece; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece.
FAU - Orfanos, Philippos
AU  - Orfanos P
AD  - WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, 
      Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, 
      Greece; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece.
FAU - Palli, Domenico
AU  - Palli D
AD  - Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention 
      Institute ISPO, Florence, Italy.
FAU - Pala, Valeria
AU  - Pala V
AD  - Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 
      Milan, Italy.
FAU - Tumino, Rosario
AU  - Tumino R
AD  - Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civile - M.P. Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, 
      Italy.
FAU - Sacerdote, Carlotta
AU  - Sacerdote C
AD  - HuGeF Foundation and Center for Cancer Prevention CPO-Piemonte, Torino, Italy.
FAU - de Magistris, Maria Santucci
AU  - de Magistris MS
AD  - Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University, Naples, 
      Italy.
FAU - Bueno-de-Mesquita, H Bas
AU  - Bueno-de-Mesquita HB
AD  - The National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, 
      The Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University 
      Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
FAU - Ocke, Marga C
AU  - Ocke MC
AD  - The National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, 
      The Netherlands.
FAU - Beulens, Joline W J
AU  - Beulens JW
AD  - Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center 
      Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
FAU - Ericson, Ulrika
AU  - Ericson U
AD  - Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Clinical 
      Sciences in Malmo, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden.
FAU - Drake, Isabel
AU  - Drake I
AD  - Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmo, Research Group in Nutritional 
      Epidemiology, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden.
FAU - Nilsson, Lena M
AU  - Nilsson LM
AD  - Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nutrition Research, Umea 
      University, Umea, Sweden.
FAU - Winkvist, Anna
AU  - Winkvist A
AD  - Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, 
      Gothenburg, Sweden.
FAU - Weiderpass, Elisabete
AU  - Weiderpass E
AD  - Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of 
      Tromso, Tromso, Norway; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, 
      Norway; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska 
      Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Samfundet Folkhalsan, Helsinki, Finland.
FAU - Hjartaker, Anette
AU  - Hjartaker A
AD  - Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 
      Oslo, Norway.
FAU - Riboli, Elio
AU  - Riboli E
AD  - Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial 
      College London, London, United Kingdom.
FAU - Slimani, Nadia
AU  - Slimani N
AD  - Dietary Exposure Assessment Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 
      Lyon, France.
LA  - eng
GR  - G0401527/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
GR  - G1000143/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
GR  - 16491/CRUK_/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom
GR  - 14136/CRUK_/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom
GR  - WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
GR  - 001/WHO_/World Health Organization/International
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Multicenter Study
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20140605
PL  - United States
TA  - PLoS One
JT  - PloS one
JID - 101285081
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Aged
MH  - Diet
MH  - Europe/epidemiology
MH  - Feeding Behavior
MH  - Female
MH  - Food
MH  - *Food Analysis
MH  - Humans
MH  - Life Style
MH  - Male
MH  - Middle Aged
MH  - *Nutrition Assessment
MH  - Prospective Studies
MH  - Public Health Surveillance
MH  - Socioeconomic Factors
MH  - Surveys and Questionnaires
PMC - PMC4047062
COIS- Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
EDAT- 2014/06/06 06:00
MHDA- 2015/08/06 06:00
PMCR- 2014/06/05
CRDT- 2014/06/06 06:00
PHST- 2014/01/21 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2014/05/05 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2014/06/06 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2014/06/06 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2015/08/06 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2014/06/05 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - PONE-D-14-03116 [pii]
AID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0098647 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - PLoS One. 2014 Jun 5;9(6):e98647. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098647. eCollection 
      2014.