PMID- 24923386
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20150511
LR  - 20171116
IS  - 1205-7541 (Electronic)
IS  - 0008-4212 (Linking)
VI  - 92
IP  - 7
DP  - 2014 Jul
TI  - Exercise mitigates the adverse effects of hyperhomocysteinemia on macrophages, 
      MMP-9, skeletal muscle, and white adipocytes.
PG  - 575-82
LID - 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0059 [doi]
AB  - Regular exercise is a great medicine with its benefits encompassing everything 
      from prevention of cardiovascular risk to alleviation of different muscular 
      myopathies. Interestingly, elevated levels of homocysteine (Hcy), also known as 
      hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), antagonizes beta-2 adrenergic receptors (beta2AR), 
      gamma amino butyric acid (GABA), and peroxisome proliferator-activated 
      receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) receptors. HHcy also stimulates an elevation of the M1/M2 
      macrophage ratio, resulting in a more inflammatory profile. In this review we 
      discuss several potential targets altered by HHcy that result in myopathy and 
      excessive fat accumulation. Several of these HHcy mediated changes can be 
      countered by exercise and culminate into mitigation of HHcy induced myopathy and 
      metabolic syndrome. We suggest that exercise directly impacts levels of Hcy, 
      matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), macrophages, and G-protein coupled receptors 
      (GPCRs, especially Gs). While HHcy promotes the M1 macrophage phenotype, it 
      appears that exercise may diminish the M1/M2 ratio, resulting in a less 
      inflammatory phenotype. HHcy through its influence on GPCRs, specifically beta(2)AR, 
      PPARgamma and GABA receptors, promotes accumulation of white fat, whereas exercise 
      enhances the browning of white fat and counters HHcy-mediated effects on GPCRs. 
      Alleviation of HHcy-associated pathologies with exercise also includes reversal 
      of excessive MMP-9 activation. Moreover, exercise, by reducing plasma Hcy levels, 
      may prevent skeletal muscle myopathy, improve exercise capacity and rescue the 
      obese phenotype. The purpose of this review is to summarize the pathological 
      conditions surrounding HHcy and to clarify the importance of regular exercise as 
      a method of disease prevention.
FAU - Winchester, Lee
AU  - Winchester L
AD  - Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 
      40202, USA.
FAU - Veeranki, Sudhakar
AU  - Veeranki S
FAU - Givvimani, Srikanth
AU  - Givvimani S
FAU - Tyagi, Suresh C
AU  - Tyagi SC
LA  - eng
GR  - HL108621/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
GR  - HL4718/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PT  - Review
DEP - 20140522
PL  - Canada
TA  - Can J Physiol Pharmacol
JT  - Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology
JID - 0372712
RN  - 0 (Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled)
RN  - EC 3.4.24.35 (Matrix Metalloproteinase 9)
RN  - Homocysteinemia
SB  - IM
MH  - Adipocytes, White/*metabolism
MH  - Animals
MH  - *Exercise
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hyperhomocysteinemia/complications/*metabolism/*pathology
MH  - Inflammation/metabolism
MH  - Macrophages/*metabolism
MH  - Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/*metabolism
MH  - Metabolic Syndrome/etiology/prevention & control
MH  - Muscle, Skeletal/*metabolism
MH  - Muscular Diseases/etiology/prevention & control
MH  - Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - GPCR
OT  - MMP-9
OT  - PPAR
OT  - RCPG
OT  - cardiovasculaire
OT  - cardiovascular
OT  - exercice
OT  - exercise
OT  - homocysteine
OT  - homocysteine
OT  - macrophage
OT  - muscle squelettique
OT  - skeletal muscle
EDAT- 2014/06/14 06:00
MHDA- 2015/05/12 06:00
CRDT- 2014/06/14 06:00
PHST- 2014/06/14 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2014/06/14 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2015/05/12 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0059 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2014 Jul;92(7):575-82. doi: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0059. Epub 
      2014 May 22.