PMID- 24942068
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20151117
LR  - 20150120
IS  - 1536-7290 (Electronic)
IS  - 1536-7290 (Linking)
VI  - 15
IP  - 1
DP  - 2015
TI  - Carbohydrate availability and exercise training adaptation: too much of a good 
      thing?
PG  - 3-12
LID - 10.1080/17461391.2014.920926 [doi]
AB  - Traditional nutritional approaches to endurance training have typically promoted 
      high carbohydrate (CHO) availability before, during and after training sessions 
      to ensure adequate muscle substrate to meet the demands of high daily training 
      intensities and volumes. However, during the past decade, data from our 
      laboratories and others have demonstrated that deliberately training in 
      conditions of reduced CHO availability can promote training-induced adaptations 
      of human skeletal muscle (i.e. increased maximal mitochondrial enzyme activities 
      and/or mitochondrial content, increased rates of lipid oxidation and, in some 
      instances, improved exercise capacity). Such data have led to the concept of 
      'training low, but competing high' whereby selected training sessions are 
      completed in conditions of reduced CHO availability (so as to promote training 
      adaptation), but CHO reserves are restored immediately prior to an important 
      competition. The augmented training response observed with training-low 
      strategies is likely regulated by enhanced activation of key cell signalling 
      kinases (e.g. AMPK, p38MAPK), transcription factors (e.g. p53, PPARdelta) and 
      transcriptional co-activators (e.g. PGC-1alpha), such that a co-ordinated 
      up-regulation of both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes occurs. Although the 
      optimal practical strategies to train low are not currently known, consuming 
      additional caffeine, protein, and practising CHO mouth-rinsing before and/or 
      during training may help to rescue the reduced training intensities that 
      typically occur when 'training low', in addition to preventing protein breakdown 
      and maintaining optimal immune function. Finally, athletes should practise 
      'train-low' workouts in conjunction with sessions undertaken with normal or high 
      CHO availability so that their capacity to oxidise CHO is not blunted on race 
      day.
FAU - Bartlett, Jonathan D
AU  - Bartlett JD
AD  - a Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences , Liverpool John Moores 
      University , Liverpool , UK.
FAU - Hawley, John A
AU  - Hawley JA
FAU - Morton, James P
AU  - Morton JP
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Review
DEP - 20140619
PL  - Germany
TA  - Eur J Sport Sci
JT  - European journal of sport science
JID - 101146739
RN  - 0 (Dietary Carbohydrates)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adaptation, Physiological/*physiology
MH  - Athletes
MH  - Dietary Carbohydrates/*metabolism
MH  - Energy Metabolism/*physiology
MH  - Exercise/*physiology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
MH  - *Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - AMPK
OT  - Mitochondrial biogenesis
OT  - PGC-1alpha
OT  - PPARdelta
OT  - p53
EDAT- 2014/06/20 06:00
MHDA- 2015/11/18 06:00
CRDT- 2014/06/20 06:00
PHST- 2014/06/20 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2014/06/20 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2015/11/18 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1080/17461391.2014.920926 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Eur J Sport Sci. 2015;15(1):3-12. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2014.920926. Epub 2014 
      Jun 19.