PMID- 24951297
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20160526
LR  - 20181202
IS  - 1715-5320 (Electronic)
IS  - 1715-5312 (Linking)
VI  - 39
IP  - 9
DP  - 2014 Sep
TI  - Systematic review: Carbohydrate supplementation on exercise performance or 
      capacity of varying durations.
PG  - 998-1011
LID - 10.1139/apnm-2014-0027 [doi]
AB  - This systematic review examines the efficacy of carbohydrate (CHO) 
      supplementation on exercise performance of varying durations. Included studies 
      utilized an all-out or endurance-based exercise protocol (no team-based 
      performance studies) and featured randomized interventions and placebo 
      (water-only) trial for comparison against exclusively CHO trials (no other 
      ingredients). Of the 61 included published performance studies (n = 679 
      subjects), 82% showed statistically significant performance benefits (n = 50 
      studies), with 18% showing no change compared with placebo. There was a 
      significant (p = 0.0036) correlative relationship between increasing total 
      exercise time and the subsequent percent increase in performance with CHO intake 
      versus placebo. While not mutually exclusive, the primary mechanism(s) for 
      performance enhancement likely differs depending on the duration of the exercise. 
      In short duration exercise situations ( approximately 1 h), oral receptor exposure to CHO, via 
      either mouthwash or oral consumption (with enough oral contact time), which then 
      stimulates the pleasure and reward centers of the brain, provide a central 
      nervous system-based mechanism for enhanced performance. Thus, the type and (or) 
      amount of CHO and its ability to be absorbed and oxidized appear completely 
      irrelevant to enhancing performance in short duration exercise situations. For 
      longer duration exercise (>2 h), where muscle glycogen stores are stressed, the 
      primary mechanism by which carbohydrate supplementation enhances performance is 
      via high rates of CHO delivery (>90 g/h), resulting in high rates of CHO 
      oxidation. Use of multiple transportable carbohydrates (glucose:fructose) are 
      beneficial in prolonged exercise, although individual recommendations for 
      athletes should be tailored according to each athlete's individual tolerance.
FAU - Stellingwerff, Trent
AU  - Stellingwerff T
AD  - a Canadian Sport Institute - Pacific, 4371 Interurban Road, Victoria, BC V9E 2C5, 
      Canada.
FAU - Cox, Gregory R
AU  - Cox GR
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
PT  - Systematic Review
DEP - 20140325
PL  - Canada
TA  - Appl Physiol Nutr Metab
JT  - Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition 
      et metabolisme
JID - 101264333
RN  - 0 (Dietary Carbohydrates)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Dietary Carbohydrates
MH  - *Dietary Supplements
MH  - Exercise/*physiology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Physical Endurance/*physiology
MH  - Time Factors
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - carbohydrate
OT  - dose-response
OT  - dose-reponse
OT  - duration
OT  - duree
OT  - performance
OT  - sucres
EDAT- 2014/06/22 06:00
MHDA- 2016/05/27 06:00
CRDT- 2014/06/22 06:00
PHST- 2014/06/22 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2014/06/22 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2016/05/27 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1139/apnm-2014-0027 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2014 Sep;39(9):998-1011. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0027. 
      Epub 2014 Mar 25.