PMID- 24956587
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20151020
LR  - 20140912
IS  - 1096-0295 (Electronic)
IS  - 0273-2300 (Linking)
VI  - 70
IP  - 1
DP  - 2014 Oct
TI  - Assessment of the skin sensitising potency of the lower alkyl methacrylate 
      esters.
PG  - 24-36
LID - S0273-2300(14)00127-5 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.06.013 [doi]
AB  - There is continued interest in, and imperatives for, the classification of 
      contact allergens according to their relative skin sensitising potency. However, 
      achieving that end can prove problematic, not least when there is an apparent 
      lack of concordance between experimental assessments of potency and the 
      prevalence allergic contact dermatitis as judged by clinical experience. For the 
      purpose of exploring this issue, and illustrating the important considerations 
      that are required to reach sound judgements about potency categorisation, the 
      lower alkyl methacrylate esters (LAM) have been employed here as a case study. 
      Although the sensitising potential of methyl methacrylate (MMA) has been reviewed 
      previously, there is available new information that is relevant for assessment of 
      skin sensitising potency. Moreover, for the purposes of this article, analyses 
      have been extended to include also other LAM for which relevant data are 
      available: ethyl methacrylate (EMA), n-butyl methacrylate (nBMA), isobutyl 
      methacrylate (iBMA), and 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate (EHMA). In addressing the skin 
      sensitising activity of these chemicals and in drawing conclusions regarding 
      relative potency, a number of sources of information has been considered, 
      including estimates of potency derived from local lymph node assay (LLNA) data, 
      the results of guinea pig assays, and data derived from in silico methods and 
      from recently developed in vitro approaches. Moreover, clinical experience of 
      skin sensitisation of humans by LAM has also been evaluated. The conclusion drawn 
      is that MMA and other LAM are contact allergens, but that none of these chemicals 
      has any more than weak skin sensitising potency. We have also explored here the 
      possible bases for this modest sensitising activity. Finally, the nature of 
      exposure to LAM has been reviewed briefly and on the basis of that information, 
      together with an understanding of skin sensitising potency, a risk assessment has 
      been prepared.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
FAU - Kimber, Ian
AU  - Kimber I
AD  - Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
FAU - Pemberton, Mark A
AU  - Pemberton MA
AD  - Systox Ltd, Wilmslow, Cheshire, UK. Electronic address: markpemberton@systox.com.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Review
DEP - 20140620
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Regul Toxicol Pharmacol
JT  - Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP
JID - 8214983
RN  - 0 (Allergens)
RN  - 0 (Methacrylates)
SB  - IM
MH  - Allergens/chemistry/*toxicity
MH  - Animals
MH  - Computer Simulation
MH  - Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/*etiology
MH  - Guinea Pigs
MH  - Humans
MH  - Local Lymph Node Assay
MH  - Methacrylates/chemistry/*toxicity
MH  - Risk Assessment/methods
MH  - Skin
MH  - Skin Tests/methods
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Allergic contact dermatitis
OT  - Lower alkyl methacrylate esters
OT  - Methyl methacrylate
OT  - Risk assessment
OT  - Skin sensitisation
EDAT- 2014/06/24 06:00
MHDA- 2015/10/21 06:00
CRDT- 2014/06/24 06:00
PHST- 2014/04/03 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2014/06/11 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2014/06/15 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2014/06/24 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2014/06/24 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2015/10/21 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0273-2300(14)00127-5 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.06.013 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2014 Oct;70(1):24-36. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.06.013. 
      Epub 2014 Jun 20.