PMID- 25036615
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20141010
LR  - 20231213
IS  - 1873-6750 (Electronic)
IS  - 0160-4120 (Linking)
VI  - 71
DP  - 2014 Oct
TI  - Exposure to nitrosamines in thirdhand tobacco smoke increases cancer risk in 
      non-smokers.
PG  - 139-47
LID - S0160-4120(14)00196-2 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.envint.2014.06.012 [doi]
AB  - In addition to passive inhalation, non-smokers, and especially children, are 
      exposed to residual tobacco smoke gases and particles that are deposited to 
      surfaces and dust, known as thirdhand smoke (THS). However, until now the 
      potential cancer risks of this pathway of exposure have been highly uncertain and 
      not considered in public health policy. In this study, we estimate for the first 
      time the potential cancer risk by age group through non-dietary ingestion and 
      dermal exposure to carcinogen N-nitrosamines and tobacco-specific nitrosamines 
      (TSNAs) measured in house dust samples. Using a highly sensitive and selective 
      analytical approach we have determined the presence of nicotine, eight 
      N-nitrosamines and five tobacco-specific nitrosamines in forty-six settled dust 
      samples from homes occupied by both smokers and non-smokers. Using observations 
      of house dust composition, we have estimated the cancer risk by applying the most 
      recent official toxicological information. Calculated cancer risks through 
      exposure to the observed levels of TSNAs at an early life stage (1 to 6years old) 
      exceeded the upper-bound risk recommended by the USEPA in 77% of smokers' and 64% 
      of non-smokers' homes. The maximum risk from exposure to all nitrosamines 
      measured in a smoker occupied home was one excess cancer case per one thousand 
      population exposed. The results presented here highlight the potentially severe 
      long-term consequences of THS exposure, particularly to children, and give strong 
      evidence of its potential health risk and, therefore, they should be considered 
      when developing future environmental and health policies.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Ramirez, Noelia
AU  - Ramirez N
AD  - The University of York, Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of 
      Chemistry, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
FAU - Ozel, Mustafa Z
AU  - Ozel MZ
AD  - The University of York, Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of 
      Chemistry, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
FAU - Lewis, Alastair C
AU  - Lewis AC
AD  - National Centre for Atmospheric Science, The University of York, Department of 
      Chemistry, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
FAU - Marce, Rosa M
AU  - Marce RM
AD  - Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i 
      Virgili, Marcel.li Domingo s/n, Sescelades Campus, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
FAU - Borrull, Francesc
AU  - Borrull F
AD  - Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i 
      Virgili, Marcel.li Domingo s/n, Sescelades Campus, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
FAU - Hamilton, Jacqueline F
AU  - Hamilton JF
AD  - The University of York, Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of 
      Chemistry, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK. Electronic address: 
      jacqui.hamilton@york.ac.uk.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20140716
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Environ Int
JT  - Environment international
JID - 7807270
RN  - 0 (Dust)
RN  - 0 (Nitrosamines)
RN  - 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution)
SB  - IM
MH  - Age Factors
MH  - Child
MH  - Child, Preschool
MH  - Chromatography, Gas
MH  - Dust/*analysis
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Linear Models
MH  - Male
MH  - Molecular Structure
MH  - Neoplasms/chemically induced/*epidemiology
MH  - Nitrosamines/analysis/chemistry/*toxicity
MH  - Risk Assessment
MH  - Smoking/adverse effects/*epidemiology
MH  - Nicotiana/*chemistry/toxicity
MH  - Tobacco Smoke Pollution/*analysis/statistics & numerical data
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Cancer risk assessment
OT  - N-nitrosamines
OT  - Thirdhand tobacco smoke
OT  - Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs)
EDAT- 2014/07/19 06:00
MHDA- 2014/10/11 06:00
CRDT- 2014/07/19 06:00
PHST- 2013/10/28 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2014/06/13 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2014/06/22 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2014/07/19 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2014/07/19 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2014/10/11 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0160-4120(14)00196-2 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.envint.2014.06.012 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Environ Int. 2014 Oct;71:139-47. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.06.012. Epub 2014 Jul 
      16.