PMID- 25062546
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20160520
LR  - 20220409
IS  - 1614-7499 (Electronic)
IS  - 0944-1344 (Linking)
VI  - 22
IP  - 19
DP  - 2015 Oct
TI  - Polybrominated diphenyl ethers listed as Stockholm Convention POPs, other 
      brominated flame retardants and heavy metals in e-waste polymers in Nigeria.
PG  - 14489-501
LID - 10.1007/s11356-014-3266-0 [doi]
AB  - Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were the first brominated persistent 
      organic pollutants (POPs) listed in the Stockholm Convention. Parties to the 
      convention are currently establishing inventories for developing action plans for 
      the environmentally sound management of PBDE-containing materials. The major use 
      of commercial octabromodiphenyl ether (c-OctaBDE) has been in casings from 
      cathode ray tube (CRT) TVs and computer monitors. Large quantities of used 
      e-waste and electronic equipment have been exported to developing countries with 
      Nigeria being a major importer in Africa. The casings from 382 TVs and computers 
      imported from major world regions to Nigeria were sampled in backyards and waste 
      dumps. The samples were screened with X-ray flourescence (XRF) for bromine and 
      analysed by gas chromatography/ electron capture detection (GC/ECD) for 
      brominated flame retardants (BFRs). A high proportion of the CRT casings (61 %) 
      contained more than 10,000 ppm bromine from BFRs. Decabromodiphenyl ether 
      (DecaBDE) was the major flame retardant used in TV sets and tetrabromobisphenol A 
      (TBBPA) for computer CRTs.The screening suggests that average PBDE levels (of 
      c-OctaBDE + DecaBDE) in Nigerian-stockpiled CRT casings were 1.1 % for TV and 
      0.13 % for PC CRTs. These are above the Restriction of Hazardous Substances 
      (RoHS) limit and should be separated for RoHS compliant recycling. The Nigerian 
      e-waste inventory of 237,000 t of CRT plastic would therefore contain approx. 594 
      t c-OctaBDE and 1,880 t of DecaBDE. In Nigeria, as for most developing countries, 
      there is currently no adequate e-waste management, plastic separation or 
      destruction capacity. The data highlight the urgent need to develop 
      environmentally sound management for this large material flow.
FAU - Sindiku, Omotayo
AU  - Sindiku O
AD  - Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 
      Nigeria.
FAU - Babayemi, Joshua
AU  - Babayemi J
AD  - Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 
      Nigeria.
FAU - Osibanjo, Oladele
AU  - Osibanjo O
AD  - Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 
      Nigeria. oosibanjo@gmail.com.
AD  - Basel Convention Coordinating Centre for Training and Technology Transfer for the 
      African Region, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. oosibanjo@gmail.com.
FAU - Schlummer, Martin
AU  - Schlummer M
AD  - Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging, 85354, Freising, 
      Germany.
FAU - Schluep, Mathias
AU  - Schluep M
AD  - Empa Technology and Society Lab, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
FAU - Watson, Alan
AU  - Watson A
AD  - Public Interest Consultant, Swansea, SA4 3TY, Wales, UK.
FAU - Weber, Roland
AU  - Weber R
AD  - POPs Environmental Consulting, 73527, Schwabisch Gmund, Germany. 
      roland.weber10@web.de.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20140727
PL  - Germany
TA  - Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
JT  - Environmental science and pollution research international
JID - 9441769
RN  - 0 (Flame Retardants)
RN  - 0 (Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers)
RN  - 0 (Metals, Heavy)
RN  - 0 (Polybrominated Biphenyls)
RN  - 0 (Polymers)
RN  - N80BQ29A0H (decabromobiphenyl ether)
SB  - IM
MH  - Electronic Waste/*analysis
MH  - Environmental Monitoring/legislation & jurisprudence/methods
MH  - Flame Retardants/*analysis
MH  - Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/*analysis
MH  - International Cooperation
MH  - Metals, Heavy/*analysis
MH  - Nigeria
MH  - Polybrominated Biphenyls/*analysis
MH  - Polymers/*chemistry
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - BFRs
OT  - Inventory
OT  - PBDE
OT  - Plastic recycling
OT  - RoHS
OT  - WEEE
EDAT- 2014/07/27 06:00
MHDA- 2016/05/21 06:00
CRDT- 2014/07/27 06:00
PHST- 2013/12/02 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2014/06/26 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2014/07/27 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2014/07/27 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2016/05/21 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1007/s11356-014-3266-0 [pii]
AID - 10.1007/s11356-014-3266-0 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2015 Oct;22(19):14489-501. doi: 
      10.1007/s11356-014-3266-0. Epub 2014 Jul 27.