PMID- 25092478
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20151001
LR  - 20181202
IS  - 1532-2661 (Electronic)
IS  - 0034-5288 (Linking)
VI  - 97
IP  - 2
DP  - 2014 Oct
TI  - Ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica (A. Juss.) causing apoptosis by ROS 
      upregulation in Dirofilaria immitis microfilaria.
PG  - 309-17
LID - S0034-5288(14)00210-0 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.04.017 [doi]
AB  - Dirofilaria immitis is the causative agent of cardiopulmonary dirofilariasis in 
      the Canine family. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of the 
      ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica leaves (EEA) against the microfilaria 
      (mf) of D. immitis in vitro. EEA was evaluated for different compound classes 
      through HPTLC. Relative motility, mortality and morphological alterations were 
      observed in the mf after exposure to EEA. The effect of EEA on redox status in 
      the treated mf was evaluated by some key enzymatic and non-enzymatic parameters. 
      An enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in the treated mf along with 
      altered redox status was evident. DNA fragmentation and 
      terminal-deoxynucleotidyl-transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) confirmed 
      apoptosis. In addition, western blotting revealed down-regulation of 
      anti-apoptotic protein and up-regulation of pro-apoptotic proteins. Taken 
      together, the microfilaricidal activity of EEA can be attributed to its capacity 
      to inflict oxidative stress culminating in apoptosis.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Mukherjee, Niladri
AU  - Mukherjee N
AD  - Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (Centre for Advanced Studies), 
      Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731 235, India.
FAU - Saini, Prasanta
AU  - Saini P
AD  - Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (Centre for Advanced Studies), 
      Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731 235, India.
FAU - Mukherjee, Suprabhat
AU  - Mukherjee S
AD  - Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (Centre for Advanced Studies), 
      Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731 235, India.
FAU - Roy, Priya
AU  - Roy P
AD  - Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (Centre for Advanced Studies), 
      Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731 235, India.
FAU - Gayen, Prajna
AU  - Gayen P
AD  - Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (Centre for Advanced Studies), 
      Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731 235, India.
FAU - Babu, Santi P Sinha
AU  - Babu SP
AD  - Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (Centre for Advanced Studies), 
      Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731 235, India. Electronic 
      address: spsinhababu@gmail.com.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20140718
PL  - England
TA  - Res Vet Sci
JT  - Research in veterinary science
JID - 0401300
RN  - 0 (DNA, Helminth)
RN  - 0 (Plant Extracts)
RN  - 0 (Reactive Oxygen Species)
RN  - 3K9958V90M (Ethanol)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Apoptosis/*drug effects
MH  - *Azadirachta
MH  - DNA Fragmentation/drug effects
MH  - DNA, Helminth/drug effects
MH  - Dirofilaria immitis/cytology/*drug effects/metabolism
MH  - Dirofilariasis/metabolism/parasitology/pathology
MH  - Ethanol
MH  - In Vitro Techniques
MH  - Microfilariae/cytology/*drug effects/metabolism
MH  - Oxidation-Reduction
MH  - Oxidative Stress/drug effects
MH  - Plant Extracts/*pharmacology
MH  - Reactive Oxygen Species/*metabolism
MH  - Up-Regulation/*drug effects
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Apoptosis
OT  - Azadirachta indica
OT  - Dirofilaria immitis
OT  - Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
OT  - in vitro
EDAT- 2014/08/06 06:00
MHDA- 2015/10/02 06:00
CRDT- 2014/08/06 06:00
PHST- 2013/12/16 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2014/03/30 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2014/04/29 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2014/08/06 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2014/08/06 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2015/10/02 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0034-5288(14)00210-0 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.04.017 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Res Vet Sci. 2014 Oct;97(2):309-17. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.04.017. Epub 2014 
      Jul 18.