PMID- 25145234
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20140918
LR  - 20191210
IS  - 1379-1176 (Print)
IS  - 1379-1176 (Linking)
VI  - 78
IP  - 2
DP  - 2013
TI  - Residue levels, persistence and effectiveness of imazalil against a resistant 
      strain of penicillium digitatum when applied in combination with heat and sodium 
      bicarbonate.
PG  - 139-49
AB  - Green and blue molds, respectively caused by Penicillium digitatum Sacc., and P. 
      italicum Wehmer, are the most important postharvest diseases of citrus fruit 
      Postharvest management of these pathogens is mainly based on the application of 
      thiabendazole (TBZ) or imazalil (IMZ) fungicides. However, their intensive and 
      prolonged use has led to the selection of TBZ- IMZ-resistant strains of these 
      pathogens and to a reduction of TBZ and IMZ effectiveness to control postharvest 
      decay. However, while TBZ may become completely ineffective against TBZ-resistant 
      strains of P. digitatum, reduction of IMZ efficacy is only partial, and an 
      effective control of decay can still be achieved by increasing its concentration, 
      heating the treatment-solution and/or combining IMZ with sodium bicarbonate (SBC) 
      or other food additives or natural salts. In this study, 'Desiderio' and 'Nova' 
      mandarins were inoculated with spores of a sensitive strain of P. digitatum to 
      IMZ and TBZ (PDs) or with a strain of P. digitatum with double resistance to both 
      fungicides (PDr) and immersed in IMZ or TBZ emulsions at increasing 
      concentrations up to 1000 mg/L or in IMZ (25, 200 or 400 mg/L), SBC (0.5, 1 or 
      2%) or IMZ + SBC emulsions either at 20 or 40 degrees C. IMZ was superior to TBZ 
      to control decay of 'Desiderio' mandarins incited by PDs and was also effective 
      to control decay in fruit inoculated with PDr, while TBZ even at the highest rate 
      was completely ineffective. In 'Desiderio' mandarins inoculated with PDs, a 
      complete control of decay was achieved with 25 mg/L IMZ but in fruit inoculated 
      with PDr, 25 mg/L IMZ were ineffective to control decay despite in combination 
      with SBC at 2% a synergistic effect was detected. In contrast, a good control of 
      decay was achieved with 400 mg/L IMZ. In 'Nova' mandarins after 1 week of 
      incubation at 20 degrees C decay incidence in fruit dipped in 400 mg/L at 20 
      degrees C or 200 mg/L IMZ at 40 degrees C was almost completely inhibited, while 
      the addition of SBC at 0.5, 1 or 2% did not improve treatments performance in 
      fruit inoculated with PDs. However, when 'Nova' mandarins were inoculated with 
      PDr, SBC showed a modest but significant control of decay and in combination with 
      IMZ either at 400 mg/L and 20 degrees C or 200 mg/L and 40 degrees C, 
      significantly improved decay control. SBC did not affect IMZ residue load in 
      'Valencia' oranges, whereas dipping the fruit in 400 mg/L IMZ at 20 degrees C 
      produced similar IMZ residue load as dips at 200 mg/L IMZ at 40 degrees C. In all 
      cases, residue levels of IMZ never exceeded 2 mg/kg, which is about 40% of the 
      maximum residue limits (MRLs) allowed in European countries. Thus, despite the 
      selection of IMZ-resistant strains of P. digitatum, IMZ continues to be highly 
      effective to control green mold of citrus fruit at concentrations leaving on 
      fruit surface residue levels below the MRLs.
FAU - D'Aquino, S
AU  - D'Aquino S
FAU - Angioni, A
AU  - Angioni A
FAU - Suming, D
AU  - Suming D
FAU - Palma, A
AU  - Palma A
FAU - Schirra, M
AU  - Schirra M
LA  - eng
PT  - Evaluation Study
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PL  - Belgium
TA  - Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci
JT  - Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences
JID - 101200320
RN  - 0 (Fungicides, Industrial)
RN  - 0 (Imidazoles)
RN  - 6K0NOF3XQ6 (enilconazole)
RN  - 8MDF5V39QO (Sodium Bicarbonate)
SB  - IM
MH  - Citrus/chemistry/microbiology
MH  - Drug Residues/*analysis
MH  - Drug Resistance, Fungal
MH  - Food Preservation/*methods
MH  - Fruit/chemistry/microbiology
MH  - Fungicides, Industrial/*analysis/*pharmacology
MH  - Hot Temperature
MH  - Imidazoles/analysis/*pharmacology
MH  - Penicillium/*drug effects/growth & development
MH  - Sodium Bicarbonate/*analysis/*pharmacology
EDAT- 2013/01/01 00:00
MHDA- 2014/09/19 06:00
CRDT- 2014/08/23 06:00
PHST- 2014/08/23 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2013/01/01 00:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2014/09/19 06:00 [medline]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci. 2013;78(2):139-49.