PMID- 25240074 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20141110 LR - 20230318 IS - 1938-3207 (Electronic) IS - 0002-9165 (Linking) VI - 100 IP - 4 DP - 2014 Oct TI - Infant feeding and anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody concentrations in the Generation R Study. PG - 1095-101 LID - 10.3945/ajcn.114.090316 [doi] AB - BACKGROUND: Celiac disease (CD) has emerged as a common, but largely undiagnosed health problem. Numerous studies examined the influence of infant nutrition on the development of diagnosed CD. However, results are still inconsistent. In addition, the effect of infant feeding practices on the development of potential forms of CD might be different. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to examine whether the timing of gluten introduction and breastfeeding duration are associated with CD autoimmunity (CDA) in children at the age of 6 y. DESIGN: This study was embedded in the Generation R Study, a population-based prospective cohort study. Participants included 1679 Dutch children who were positive for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQ2/DQ8. Data on the timing of gluten introduction (<6 mo compared with >/=6 mo) and duration of breastfeeding (<6 mo compared with >/=6 mo) were obtained by questionnaire. Serum samples were analyzed for anti-tissue transglutaminase (anti-tTG) concentrations at age 6 y. Anti-tTG concentrations were categorized into negative (<7 U/mL) and positive (>/=7 U/mL) values. Positive anti-tTG concentrations were further categorized based on >/=10 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) values of the test kit (>/=7-70 and >/=70 U/mL). Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: Positive anti-tTG concentrations were found in 43 children, 26 of whom had concentrations >/=10 times the ULN (>/=70 IU/mL). The introduction of gluten from the age of 6 mo onward and breastfeeding for >/=6 mo were not significantly associated with positive anti-tTG concentrations. In addition, the timing of gluten introduction and duration of breastfeeding were not significantly associated with positive anti-tTG concentrations below or above 10 times the ULN. CONCLUSIONS: Delayed introduction of gluten beyond the age of 6 mo does not increase the risk of CDA. In addition, breastfeeding for >/=6 mo does not decrease the risk of CDA in children at 6 y of age. CI - (c) 2014 American Society for Nutrition. FAU - Jansen, Michelle A E AU - Jansen MA AD - From the Generation R Study Group (MAEJ, IIMT, and VWVJ) and the Departments of Pediatrics (MAEJ, IIMT, VWVJ, and HAM), Epidemiology (JCK-dJ, VWVJ, and AH), Pediatric Gastroenterology (JCE), and Immunology (HH), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands. FAU - Tromp, Ilse I M AU - Tromp II AD - From the Generation R Study Group (MAEJ, IIMT, and VWVJ) and the Departments of Pediatrics (MAEJ, IIMT, VWVJ, and HAM), Epidemiology (JCK-dJ, VWVJ, and AH), Pediatric Gastroenterology (JCE), and Immunology (HH), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands. FAU - Kiefte-de Jong, Jessica C AU - Kiefte-de Jong JC AD - From the Generation R Study Group (MAEJ, IIMT, and VWVJ) and the Departments of Pediatrics (MAEJ, IIMT, VWVJ, and HAM), Epidemiology (JCK-dJ, VWVJ, and AH), Pediatric Gastroenterology (JCE), and Immunology (HH), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands. FAU - Jaddoe, Vincent W V AU - Jaddoe VW AD - From the Generation R Study Group (MAEJ, IIMT, and VWVJ) and the Departments of Pediatrics (MAEJ, IIMT, VWVJ, and HAM), Epidemiology (JCK-dJ, VWVJ, and AH), Pediatric Gastroenterology (JCE), and Immunology (HH), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands. FAU - Hofman, Albert AU - Hofman A AD - From the Generation R Study Group (MAEJ, IIMT, and VWVJ) and the Departments of Pediatrics (MAEJ, IIMT, VWVJ, and HAM), Epidemiology (JCK-dJ, VWVJ, and AH), Pediatric Gastroenterology (JCE), and Immunology (HH), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands. FAU - Escher, J C AU - Escher JC AD - From the Generation R Study Group (MAEJ, IIMT, and VWVJ) and the Departments of Pediatrics (MAEJ, IIMT, VWVJ, and HAM), Epidemiology (JCK-dJ, VWVJ, and AH), Pediatric Gastroenterology (JCE), and Immunology (HH), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands. FAU - Hooijkaas, Herbert AU - Hooijkaas H AD - From the Generation R Study Group (MAEJ, IIMT, and VWVJ) and the Departments of Pediatrics (MAEJ, IIMT, VWVJ, and HAM), Epidemiology (JCK-dJ, VWVJ, and AH), Pediatric Gastroenterology (JCE), and Immunology (HH), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands. FAU - Moll, Henriette A AU - Moll HA AD - From the Generation R Study Group (MAEJ, IIMT, and VWVJ) and the Departments of Pediatrics (MAEJ, IIMT, VWVJ, and HAM), Epidemiology (JCK-dJ, VWVJ, and AH), Pediatric Gastroenterology (JCE), and Immunology (HH), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands. LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't DEP - 20140813 PL - United States TA - Am J Clin Nutr JT - The American journal of clinical nutrition JID - 0376027 RN - 0 (Autoantibodies) RN - 0 (HLA-DQ Antigens) RN - 0 (HLA-DQ2 antigen) RN - 0 (HLA-DQ8 antigen) RN - 8002-80-0 (Glutens) RN - EC 2.3.2.13 (Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2) RN - EC 2.3.2.13 (Transglutaminases) RN - EC 3.6.1.- (GTP-Binding Proteins) SB - IM MH - Alleles MH - Autoantibodies/*blood MH - Autoimmunity/immunology MH - Breast Feeding MH - Celiac Disease/blood/immunology MH - Child MH - *Diet MH - Female MH - Follow-Up Studies MH - GTP-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/*blood MH - Glutens/*administration & dosage MH - HLA-DQ Antigens/blood MH - Humans MH - Logistic Models MH - Male MH - Multivariate Analysis MH - Netherlands MH - Prospective Studies MH - Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2 MH - Surveys and Questionnaires MH - Time Factors MH - Transglutaminases/antagonists & inhibitors/*blood MH - Weaning EDAT- 2014/09/23 06:00 MHDA- 2014/11/11 06:00 CRDT- 2014/09/21 06:00 PHST- 2014/09/21 06:00 [entrez] PHST- 2014/09/23 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2014/11/11 06:00 [medline] AID - S0002-9165(23)04791-3 [pii] AID - 10.3945/ajcn.114.090316 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Am J Clin Nutr. 2014 Oct;100(4):1095-101. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.114.090316. Epub 2014 Aug 13.