PMID- 25250740
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20151215
LR  - 20211021
IS  - 1932-6203 (Electronic)
IS  - 1932-6203 (Linking)
VI  - 9
IP  - 9
DP  - 2014
TI  - Photodynamic antimicrobial polymers for infection control.
PG  - e108500
LID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0108500 [doi]
LID - e108500
AB  - Hospital-acquired infections pose both a major risk to patient wellbeing and an 
      economic burden on global healthcare systems, with the problem compounded by the 
      emergence of multidrug resistant and biocide tolerant bacterial pathogens. Many 
      inanimate surfaces can act as a reservoir for infection, and adequate 
      disinfection is difficult to achieve and requires direct intervention. In this 
      study we demonstrate the preparation and performance of materials with inherent 
      photodynamic, surface-active, persistent antimicrobial properties through the 
      incorporation of photosensitizers into high density poly(ethylene) (HDPE) using 
      hot-melt extrusion, which require no external intervention except a source of 
      visible light. Our aim is to prevent bacterial adherence to these surfaces and 
      eliminate them as reservoirs of nosocomial pathogens, thus presenting a valuable 
      advance in infection control. A two-layer system with one layer comprising 
      photosensitizer-incorporated HDPE, and one layer comprising HDPE alone is also 
      described to demonstrate the versatility of our approach. The 
      photosensitizer-incorporated materials are capable of reducing the adherence of 
      viable bacteria by up to 3.62 Log colony forming units (CFU) per square 
      centimeter of material surface for methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus 
      (MRSA), and by up to 1.51 Log CFU/cm(2) for Escherichia coli. Potential 
      applications for the technology are in antimicrobial coatings for, or materials 
      comprising objects, such as tubing, collection bags, handrails, finger-plates on 
      hospital doors, or medical equipment found in the healthcare setting.
FAU - McCoy, Colin P
AU  - McCoy CP
AD  - Queen's University Belfast, School of Pharmacy, Belfast, United Kingdom.
FAU - O'Neil, Edward J
AU  - O'Neil EJ
AD  - Blue Highway, Inc., Center for Science & Technology, Syracuse University, 
      Syracuse, New York, United States of America.
FAU - Cowley, John F
AU  - Cowley JF
AD  - Queen's University Belfast, School of Pharmacy, Belfast, United Kingdom.
FAU - Carson, Louise
AU  - Carson L
AD  - Queen's University Belfast, School of Pharmacy, Belfast, United Kingdom.
FAU - De Baroid, Aine T
AU  - De Baroid AT
AD  - Queen's University Belfast, School of Pharmacy, Belfast, United Kingdom.
FAU - Gdowski, Greg T
AU  - Gdowski GT
AD  - Queen's University Belfast, School of Pharmacy, Belfast, United Kingdom.
FAU - Gorman, Sean P
AU  - Gorman SP
AD  - Queen's University Belfast, School of Pharmacy, Belfast, United Kingdom.
FAU - Jones, David S
AU  - Jones DS
AD  - Queen's University Belfast, School of Pharmacy, Belfast, United Kingdom.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20140924
PL  - United States
TA  - PLoS One
JT  - PloS one
JID - 101285081
RN  - 0 (Anti-Infective Agents)
RN  - 0 (Polymers)
SB  - IM
MH  - Anti-Infective Agents/*therapeutic use
MH  - Disease Reservoirs
MH  - Infection Control/*methods
MH  - *Photochemotherapy
MH  - Polymers/*administration & dosage
PMC - PMC4177408
COIS- Competing Interests: CPM, SPG and DSJ received consultancy payments from Blue 
      Highway, Inc. during the period the research was carried out. EO and GTG are 
      affiliated with Blue Highway, Inc. All other authors have declared that no 
      competing interests exist. No products are currently in development and no 
      products have been marketed as a result of these affiliations. This does not 
      alter the authors' adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. 
      No restrictions exist on sharing of data and/or materials.
EDAT- 2014/09/25 06:00
MHDA- 2015/12/17 06:00
PMCR- 2014/09/24
CRDT- 2014/09/25 06:00
PHST- 2014/04/15 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2014/08/29 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2014/09/25 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2014/09/25 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2015/12/17 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2014/09/24 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - PONE-D-14-16914 [pii]
AID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0108500 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - PLoS One. 2014 Sep 24;9(9):e108500. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108500. 
      eCollection 2014.