PMID- 25303955
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20160425
LR  - 20150725
IS  - 1741-2854 (Electronic)
IS  - 0020-7640 (Linking)
VI  - 61
IP  - 5
DP  - 2015 Aug
TI  - Hikikomori in Spain: A descriptive study.
PG  - 475-83
LID - 10.1177/0020764014553003 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: Social withdrawal behaviour is a major health problem that is 
      becoming increasingly important, being necessary studies that investigate its 
      psychopathology and existence in different cultures. AIMS: To describe the 
      clinical and socio-demographic characteristics of hikikomori individuals in 
      Spain. METHOD: Participants were 200 subjects referred to the Crisis Resolution 
      Home Treatment (CRHT) because of social isolation. The definition of hikikomori 
      was the state of avoiding social engagement with generally persistent withdrawal 
      into one's residence for at least 6 months. Socio-demographic and clinical data 
      were analysed, including Severity of Psychiatric Illness (SPI), Global Assessment 
      of Functioning (GAF), Clinical Global Impression (CGI) and World Health 
      Organization Disability Assessment (WHODAS) scales. RESULTS: A total of 164 cases 
      were evaluated. Hikikomori were predominantly young male, with the mean age at 
      onset of hikikomori of 40 years old and a mean socially withdrawn period of 3 
      years. Only three people had no symptoms suggestive of mental disorder. Psychotic 
      and anxiety were the most common comorbid disorders. The scales administered 
      describe the presence of serious symptoms and impairment in social functioning, 
      with a high prevalence of poor collaboration with treatment. CONCLUSION: This 
      study shows the existence of hikikomori in Spain. Its difficult detection and 
      treatment highlights the need for specialized domiciliary teams. The high 
      comorbidity leads us to conclude that it may not be a new diagnosis, but rather a 
      severe syndrome associated with multiple mental illnesses. Primary hikikomori 
      also exist, but less commonly. Future cross-national studies are needed in order 
      to describe its definition and psychopathology.
CI  - (c) The Author(s) 2014.
FAU - Malagon-Amor, Angeles
AU  - Malagon-Amor A
AD  - Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Addictions (INAD), Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, 
      Spain Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de 
      Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain 95451@parcdesalutmar.cat.
FAU - Corcoles-Martinez, David
AU  - Corcoles-Martinez D
AD  - Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Addictions (INAD), Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, 
      Spain.
FAU - Martin-Lopez, Luis M
AU  - Martin-Lopez LM
AD  - Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Addictions (INAD), Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, 
      Spain.
FAU - Perez-Sola, Victor
AU  - Perez-Sola V
AD  - Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Addictions (INAD), Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, 
      Spain Centro de Investigacion Biomedica En Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 
      Barcelona, Spain.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20141009
PL  - England
TA  - Int J Soc Psychiatry
JT  - The International journal of social psychiatry
JID - 0374726
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Anxiety Disorders/*diagnosis/*therapy
MH  - Comorbidity
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Male
MH  - Middle Aged
MH  - Prospective Studies
MH  - Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
MH  - Psychotherapy
MH  - Psychotic Disorders/*diagnosis/*therapy
MH  - Social Isolation/*psychology
MH  - Spain
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Hikikomori
OT  - diagnosis
OT  - home visitation programme
OT  - social isolation
OT  - social withdrawal
EDAT- 2014/10/12 06:00
MHDA- 2016/04/26 06:00
CRDT- 2014/10/12 06:00
PHST- 2014/10/12 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2014/10/12 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2016/04/26 06:00 [medline]
AID - 0020764014553003 [pii]
AID - 10.1177/0020764014553003 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2015 Aug;61(5):475-83. doi: 10.1177/0020764014553003. Epub 
      2014 Oct 9.