PMID- 25309774
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220311
IS  - 2090-8334 (Print)
IS  - 2090-8342 (Electronic)
IS  - 2090-8342 (Linking)
VI  - 2
DP  - 2013 Jul 1
TI  - Nicotine Blocks the Depressogenic Effects of Alcohol: Implications for 
      Drinking-Smoking Co-Morbidity.
PG  - 235709
AB  - Alcohol and nicotine are two very commonly abused legal substances. Although 
      various hypotheses for such co-dependence have been suggested, it is not known 
      whether the effects of alcohol and nicotine on mood behavior may also contribute 
      to such co-abuse. Chronic exposure to high alcohol levels may lead to various 
      neurochemical changes and precipitate depressive-like behavior. Nicotine, on the 
      other hand, may exert an antidepressant-like effect. Here, we sought to determine 
      whether nicotine may also block or mitigate the "depressogenic" effects of 
      alcohol in a rat model. Moreover, since hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic 
      factor (BDNF) has been strongly implicated in mood regulation and effectiveness 
      of antidepressants, the level of this neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus was 
      also evaluated. Adult male Wistar rats were injected (i.p.) with alcohol (1.0 
      g/kg), nicotine (0.3 mg/kg) or their combination once daily for 14 days. Controls 
      received saline. The behavior of these rats in open field locomotor activity 
      (LMA), the forced swim test (FST), a measure of helplessness, and sucrose intake, 
      a measure of anhedonia were evaluated 16-18 h after the last injection. Chronic 
      alcohol did not affect LMA, but increased immobility in FST and decreased sucrose 
      consumption, suggesting a "depressogenic" effect. Nicotine by itself did not 
      affect any of the measured behavior but blocked alcohol-induced changes in FST 
      and sucrose intake. Parallel to the behavioral changes, chronic alcohol resulted 
      in a significant decrease in hippocampal BDNF, which was normalized by nicotine. 
      These findings suggest that the opposing effects of alcohol and nicotine on 
      depressive-like behavior may contribute to their co-abuse.
FAU - Kalejaiye, Olubukola
AU  - Kalejaiye O
AD  - Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, 
      DC 20059, USA.
FAU - Bhatti, Babur H
AU  - Bhatti BH
AD  - Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, 
      DC 20059, USA.
FAU - Taylor, Robert E
AU  - Taylor RE
AD  - Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, 
      DC 20059, USA.
FAU - Tizabi, Yousef
AU  - Tizabi Y
AD  - Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, 
      DC 20059, USA.
LA  - eng
GR  - G12 MD007597/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/United States
GR  - G12 RR003048/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
GR  - P20 AA014643/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - S06 GM008016/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - Egypt
TA  - J Drug Alcohol Res
JT  - Journal of drug and alcohol research
JID - 101597241
PMC - PMC4193904
MID - NIHMS581726
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - BDNF
OT  - alcohol
OT  - depression
OT  - hippocampus
OT  - nicotine
EDAT- 2013/07/01 00:00
MHDA- 2013/07/01 00:01
PMCR- 2014/10/10
CRDT- 2014/10/14 06:00
PHST- 2014/10/14 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2013/07/01 00:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2013/07/01 00:01 [medline]
PHST- 2014/10/10 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.4303/jdar/235709 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Drug Alcohol Res. 2013 Jul 1;2:235709. doi: 10.4303/jdar/235709.