PMID- 25342934
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
DCOM- 20141024
LR  - 20211021
IS  - 1550-2783 (Print)
IS  - 1550-2783 (Electronic)
IS  - 1550-2783 (Linking)
VI  - 11
DP  - 2014
TI  - Menstrual cycle phase and carbohydrate ingestion alter immune response following 
      endurance exercise and high intensity time trial performance test under hot 
      conditions.
PG  - 39
LID - 10.1186/1550-2783-11-39 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sex hormones are known to regulate some responses during exercise. 
      Evaluation of the differences in exercise response with regard to menstrual cycle 
      will help understand the menstrual cycle phase specific adaptations to exercise 
      and athletic performance. METHODS: We investigated the effects of menstrual cycle 
      phase and carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion on immune response during endurance 
      exercise at 30 degrees C. Six healthy women completed 4 trials comprising 90 min of 
      cycling at 50% peak aerobic power [Formula: see text] and a high intensity time 
      trial performance test (POST). They ingested a placebo- or CHO-containing 
      beverage during the trials, which were performed during both the follicular and 
      luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. In all trials, thermoregulatory, 
      cardiorespiratory, and immune responses were measured during exercise and after 
      POST. RESULTS: Although the thermoregulatory responses differed between the 
      menstrual cycle phases, the cardiorespiratory responses were not different. After 
      placebo ingestion, leukocyte concentration (cells/muL) at POST (15.9 x 10(3)) in 
      the luteal phase was significantly higher than that in the follicular phase 
      (12.9 x 10(3)). The rise in leukocyte concentration was attenuated upon CHO 
      ingestion, and the difference between menstrual cycle phases disappeared. A 
      significant positive correlation was found between leukocyte concentration and 
      serum free fatty acid concentrations. Interleukin-6, calprotectin, and 
      myeloperoxidase concentrations significantly increased at POST in all trials, but 
      no significant differences were observed between menstrual cycle phase or 
      beverage type. Concentrations of other cytokines did not change during exercise 
      in any of the 4 trials. Menstrual cycle phase and beverage type had no 
      significant effect on the POST outcome. Thus, differences in leukocyte 
      mobilization between menstrual cycle phases could result from the effect of sex 
      hormones on substrate utilization. CONCLUSIONS: The menstrual cycle affected 
      circulating leukocyte concentrations during endurance exercise with POST when a 
      placebo was ingested. Therefore, we recommend ingesting CHO beverages to 
      attenuate immune disturbances, especially in the luteal phase, even though they 
      are unlikely to enhance test performance.
FAU - Hashimoto, Hideki
AU  - Hashimoto H
AD  - Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan ; Products Research 
      & Development Laboratory, Asashi Soft Drinks Co., Ltd, Ibaraki, Japan.
FAU - Ishijima, Toshimichi
AU  - Ishijima T
AD  - Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan ; School of Human 
      Culture, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Shiga, Japan.
FAU - Hayashida, Harumi
AU  - Hayashida H
AD  - Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan ; Faculty of Health 
      Promotional Sciences, Tokoha University, Shizuoka, Japan.
FAU - Suzuki, Katsuhiko
AU  - Suzuki K
AD  - Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan.
FAU - Higuchi, Mitsuru
AU  - Higuchi M
AD  - Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20140812
PL  - United States
TA  - J Int Soc Sports Nutr
JT  - Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition
JID - 101234168
PMC - PMC4190921
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Carbohydrate
OT  - Cytokines
OT  - Leukocytes
OT  - Prolonged exercise
EDAT- 2014/10/25 06:00
MHDA- 2014/10/25 06:01
PMCR- 2014/08/12
CRDT- 2014/10/25 06:00
PHST- 2013/10/23 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2014/07/22 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2014/10/25 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2014/10/25 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2014/10/25 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2014/08/12 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 1550-2783-11-39 [pii]
AID - 10.1186/1550-2783-11-39 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2014 Aug 12;11:39. doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-11-39. 
      eCollection 2014.