PMID- 25355841
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20150218
LR  - 20230216
IS  - 1541-6100 (Electronic)
IS  - 0022-3166 (Linking)
VI  - 145
IP  - 1
DP  - 2015 Jan
TI  - Protein deficiency and intestinal nematode infection in pregnant mice 
      differentially impact fetal growth through specific stress hormones, growth 
      factors, and cytokines.
PG  - 41-50
LID - 10.3945/jn.114.202630 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: Protein deficiency (PD) and intestinal nematode infections commonly 
      co-occur during pregnancy and impair fetal growth, but the complex network of 
      signals has not been explored. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to assess those 
      stress hormones, growth factors, and cytokines affected by maternal PD and 
      nematode infection and associated with fetal growth. METHODS: Using a 2 x 2 
      factorial design, CD-1 mice, fed protein-sufficient (PS; 24%) or 
      protein-deficient (PD; 6%) isoenergetic diets, were either uninfected or infected 
      every 5 d with Heligmosomoides bakeri, beginning on gestational day (GD) 5. 
      Biomarker concentrations were measured on GD 18 in maternal serum (m), fetal 
      serum (f), and amniotic fluid (af) by using Luminex. RESULTS: Maternal PD lowered 
      fetal body mass (PS/uninfected 1.25 +/- 0.02 g, PS/infected 1.19 +/- 0.02 g vs. 
      PD/uninfected 1.11 +/- 0.02 g, PD/infected 0.97 +/- 0.02 g; P = 0.02), fetal lung (P 
      = 0.005), and liver (P = 0.003) but not brain mass, whereas maternal infection 
      lowered fetal length (PS/uninfected 2.28 +/- 0.02 cm, PD/uninfected 2.27 +/- 0.03 cm 
      vs. PS/infected 2.21 +/- 0.03 cm, PD/infected 2.11 +/- 0.02 cm; P = 0.05) and kidney 
      mass (P = 0.04). PD elevated stress hormones (m-adrenocortiotropic hormone, 
      f-corticosterone, af-corticosterone) and reduced insulin-like growth factor 1 in 
      all compartments (P </= 0.01), but these were unassociated with fetal mass or 
      length. Fetal mass was positively associated with f-leptin (R(2) = 0.71, P = 
      0.0001) and negatively with fetal cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-alpha: R(2) = 
      0.62, P = 0.001; interleukin-4 (IL-4): R(2) = 0.63, P = 0.0004]. In contrast, 
      maternal infection lowered f-prolactin (P = 0.02) that was positively associated 
      with fetal length (R(2) = 0.43; P = 0.03); no other biomarker was affected by 
      infection. Regression analyses showed associations between organ growth, 
      cytokines, and growth factors: 1) thymus, spleen, heart, and brain with m-IL-10; 
      2) brain and kidney with f-vascular endothelial growth factor, af-monocyte 
      chemotactic protein 1, af-interferon-gamma, and af-eotaxin; and 3) liver and lung 
      with f-leptin and af-corticosterone (all P </= 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: PD and nematode 
      infection impaired fetal mass and linear growth, respectively. Fetal mass, 
      length, and individual organ masses were regulated by different hormones, growth 
      factors, and cytokines.
CI  - (c) 2015 American Society for Nutrition.
FAU - Starr, Lisa M
AU  - Starr LM
AD  - Institute of Parasitology, and.
FAU - Scott, Marilyn E
AU  - Scott ME
AD  - Institute of Parasitology, and.
FAU - Koski, Kristine G
AU  - Koski KG
AD  - School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University (Macdonald Campus), 
      Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada kris.koski@mcgill.ca.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20141029
PL  - United States
TA  - J Nutr
JT  - The Journal of nutrition
JID - 0404243
RN  - 0 (Biomarkers)
RN  - 0 (Cytokines)
RN  - 0 (Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins)
RN  - 0 (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A)
RN  - 67763-96-6 (Insulin-Like Growth Factor I)
RN  - 9002-60-2 (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)
RN  - W980KJ009P (Corticosterone)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/analysis/blood/metabolism
MH  - Amniotic Fluid/chemistry
MH  - Animals
MH  - Biomarkers/analysis/blood
MH  - Corticosterone/analysis/blood/metabolism
MH  - Cytokines/analysis/blood/metabolism
MH  - Female
MH  - Fetal Development/*physiology
MH  - Fetal Organ Maturity
MH  - Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/analysis/metabolism
MH  - Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/analysis/blood/metabolism
MH  - Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/*complications/metabolism
MH  - Mice
MH  - Nematode Infections/*complications/metabolism
MH  - Pregnancy
MH  - *Pregnancy Complications/metabolism
MH  - Protein Deficiency/*complications/metabolism
MH  - Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/analysis/blood
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Heligmosomoides bakeri
OT  - amniotic fluid
OT  - inflammation
OT  - mouse model
OT  - nematode
OT  - organ masses
OT  - protein deficiency
OT  - serum
EDAT- 2014/10/31 06:00
MHDA- 2015/02/19 06:00
CRDT- 2014/10/31 06:00
PHST- 2014/10/31 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2014/10/31 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2015/02/19 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0022-3166(22)08585-6 [pii]
AID - 10.3945/jn.114.202630 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Nutr. 2015 Jan;145(1):41-50. doi: 10.3945/jn.114.202630. Epub 2014 Oct 29.