PMID- 25444867 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20150916 LR - 20141226 IS - 1873-5177 (Electronic) IS - 0091-3057 (Linking) VI - 128 DP - 2015 Jan TI - Repeated forced swimming impairs prepulse inhibition and alters brain-derived neurotrophic factor and astroglial parameters in rats. PG - 50-61 LID - S0091-3057(14)00305-0 [pii] LID - 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.11.012 [doi] AB - Glutamate perturbations and altered neurotrophin levels have been strongly associated with the neurobiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. Environmental stress is a risk factor for mood disorders, disrupting glutamatergic activity in astrocytes in addition to cognitive behaviours. Despite the negative impact of stress-induced neuropsychiatric disorders on public health, the molecular mechanisms underlying the response of the brain to stress has yet to be fully elucidated. Exposure to repeated swimming has proven useful for evaluating the loss of cognitive function after pharmacological and behavioural interventions, but its effect on glutamate function has yet to be fully explored. In the present study, rats previously exposed to repeated forced swimming were evaluated using the novel object recognition test, object location test and prepulse inhibition (PPI) test. In addition, quantification of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA expression and protein levels, glutamate uptake, glutathione, S100B, GluN1 subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and calmodulin were evaluated in the frontal cortex and hippocampus after various swimming time points. We found that swimming stress selectively impaired PPI but did not affect memory recognition. Swimming stress altered the frontal cortical and hippocampal BDNF expression and the activity of hippocampal astrocytes by reducing hippocampal glutamate uptake and enhancing glutathione content in a time-dependent manner. In conclusion, these data support the assumption that astrocytes may regulate the activity of brain structures related to cognition in a manner that alters complex behaviours. Moreover, they provide new insight regarding the dynamics immediately after an aversive experience, such as after behavioural despair induction, and suggest that forced swimming can be employed to study altered glutamatergic activity and PPI disruption in rodents. CI - Copyright (c) 2014. Published by Elsevier Inc. FAU - Borsoi, Milene AU - Borsoi M AD - Graduate Studies Program in Neurosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Electronic address: mileborsoi@gmail.com. FAU - Antonio, Camila Boque AU - Antonio CB AD - Graduate Studies Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. FAU - Muller, Liz Girardi AU - Muller LG AD - Graduate Studies Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. FAU - Viana, Alice Fialho AU - Viana AF AD - Graduate Studies Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. FAU - Hertzfeldt, Vivian AU - Hertzfeldt V AD - Graduate Studies Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. FAU - Lunardi, Paula Santana AU - Lunardi PS AD - Graduate Studies Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. FAU - Zanotto, Caroline AU - Zanotto C AD - Graduate Studies Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. FAU - Nardin, Patricia AU - Nardin P AD - Graduate Studies Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. FAU - Ravazzolo, Ana Paula AU - Ravazzolo AP AD - College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. FAU - Rates, Stela Maris Kuze AU - Rates SM AD - Graduate Studies Program in Neurosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Studies Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. FAU - Goncalves, Carlos-Alberto AU - Goncalves CA AD - Graduate Studies Program in Neurosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Studies Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't DEP - 20141120 PL - United States TA - Pharmacol Biochem Behav JT - Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior JID - 0367050 RN - 0 (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor) RN - 0 (Calmodulin) RN - 0 (RNA, Messenger) RN - 0 (Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate) RN - 3KX376GY7L (Glutamic Acid) RN - GAN16C9B8O (Glutathione) SB - IM MH - Animals MH - Astrocytes/*physiology MH - Behavior, Animal/physiology MH - Brain/*physiopathology MH - Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/genetics/*physiology MH - Calmodulin/metabolism MH - Disease Models, Animal MH - Frontal Lobe/physiopathology MH - Glutamic Acid/physiology MH - Glutathione/metabolism MH - Hippocampus/physiopathology MH - Male MH - Mood Disorders/etiology/physiopathology/psychology MH - RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism MH - Rats MH - Rats, Wistar MH - Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism MH - *Stress, Physiological MH - Swimming OTO - NOTNLM OT - Repeated forced swimming OT - brain-derived neurotrophic factor OT - frontal cortex OT - glutamate uptake OT - hippocampus OT - prepulse inhibition EDAT- 2014/12/03 06:00 MHDA- 2015/09/17 06:00 CRDT- 2014/12/03 06:00 PHST- 2014/07/19 00:00 [received] PHST- 2014/11/12 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2014/11/15 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2014/12/03 06:00 [entrez] PHST- 2014/12/03 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2015/09/17 06:00 [medline] AID - S0091-3057(14)00305-0 [pii] AID - 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.11.012 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2015 Jan;128:50-61. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.11.012. Epub 2014 Nov 20.