PMID- 25455525
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20151228
LR  - 20191210
IS  - 1872-8464 (Electronic)
IS  - 0165-5876 (Linking)
VI  - 78
IP  - 12
DP  - 2014 Dec
TI  - Development and validation of a new Mandarin tone identification test.
PG  - 2174-82
LID - S0165-5876(14)00559-X [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.10.004 [doi]
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to develop a new Mandarin tone 
      identification test (MTIT) to assess the Mandarin tone identification ability of 
      children with hearing impairment (HI) and at age around 7 years; and to evaluate 
      the reliability and sensitivity of the MTIT. METHODS: The word materials to be 
      used in the MTIT were developed in Phase I. Monosyllables were chosen to 
      represent the daily repertoire of young children and to avoid the influence of 
      co-articulation and intonation. Each test stimulus set contained four words, with 
      one target, one containing contrastive tone, and two unrelated distracters. All 
      words were depicted using simple pictures, and the test targets in quiet or in 
      noise were presented using recorded stimuli on a custom software. Phase II 
      evaluated the reliability and sensitivity of the MTIT. Participants were 50 
      normal-hearing native-Mandarin speakers around 7 years of age. RESULTS: In Phase 
      I, the MTIT was developed as described above. The final test consists of 51 words 
      that are within the vocabulary repertoire of children aged 7 years. In Phase II, 
      with the Mandarin tone identification scores collected from 50 children, the 
      repeated measure ANOVA showed a significant main effect of S/N on MTIT 
      performance (p<0.001). Pairwise comparisons revealed a significant difference in 
      performance across the five S/N conditions (p<0.01) when S/N varied from -30 to 
      -10dB. Cronbach's alpha at -15dB S/N was 0.66, suggesting satisfactory internal 
      consistency reliability. A paired-samples t-test showed that there was no 
      significant difference between the test-retest scores across the five S/N 
      conditions (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the available Mandarin tone 
      identification tools, MTIT systematically evaluated the tone identification 
      performance in noisy environment for normal hearing children at age around 7 
      years. Results also showed satisfactory internal consistency reliability, good 
      test-retest reliability and good sensitivity. In the near future, MTIT could be 
      used to evaluate tone perception ability of children with hearing impairment and 
      help to design hearing rehabilitation strategies for this population at the age 
      critical for their language learning.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Zhu, Shufeng
AU  - Zhu S
AD  - Division of Speech and Hearing Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. 
      Electronic address: xiaozhu@hku.hk.
FAU - Wong, Lena L N
AU  - Wong LL
AD  - Division of Speech and Hearing Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
FAU - Chen, Fei
AU  - Chen F
AD  - Division of Speech and Hearing Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Validation Study
DEP - 20141018
PL  - Ireland
TA  - Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol
JT  - International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology
JID - 8003603
SB  - IM
EIN - Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2015 Dec;79(12):2488
MH  - Child
MH  - China
MH  - Female
MH  - Hearing
MH  - *Hearing Tests
MH  - Humans
MH  - Language
MH  - Male
MH  - Noise
MH  - Reproducibility of Results
MH  - Signal-To-Noise Ratio
MH  - *Speech Perception
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Hearing in noise
OT  - Hearing loss
OT  - Mandarin tone identification
OT  - Reliability and sensitivity
EDAT- 2014/12/03 06:00
MHDA- 2015/12/29 06:00
CRDT- 2014/12/03 06:00
PHST- 2014/07/12 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2014/09/30 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2014/10/04 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2014/12/03 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2014/12/03 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2015/12/29 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0165-5876(14)00559-X [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.10.004 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2014 Dec;78(12):2174-82. doi: 
      10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.10.004. Epub 2014 Oct 18.