PMID- 25479061
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20150729
LR  - 20181113
IS  - 1932-6203 (Electronic)
IS  - 1932-6203 (Linking)
VI  - 9
IP  - 12
DP  - 2014
TI  - Temporal and spatial stability of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria in 
      aquarium biofilters.
PG  - e113515
LID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0113515 [doi]
LID - e113515
AB  - Nitrifying biofilters are used in aquaria and aquaculture systems to prevent 
      accumulation of ammonia by promoting rapid conversion to nitrate via nitrite. 
      Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), as opposed to ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), 
      were recently identified as the dominant ammonia oxidizers in most freshwater 
      aquaria. This study investigated biofilms from fixed-bed aquarium biofilters to 
      assess the temporal and spatial dynamics of AOA and AOB abundance and diversity. 
      Over a period of four months, ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms from six 
      freshwater and one marine aquarium were investigated at 4-5 time points. Nitrogen 
      balances for three freshwater aquaria showed that active nitrification by 
      aquarium biofilters accounted for >/= 81-86% of total nitrogen conversion in the 
      aquaria. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) for bacterial and thaumarchaeal ammonia 
      monooxygenase (amoA) genes demonstrated that AOA were numerically dominant over 
      AOB in all six freshwater aquaria tested, and contributed all detectable amoA 
      genes in three aquarium biofilters. In the marine aquarium, however, AOB 
      outnumbered AOA by three to five orders of magnitude based on amoA gene 
      abundances. A comparison of AOA abundance in three carrier materials (fine 
      sponge, rough sponge and sintered glass or ceramic rings) of two three-media 
      freshwater biofilters revealed preferential growth of AOA on fine sponge. 
      Denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis (DGGE) of thaumarchaeal 16S rRNA genes 
      indicated that community composition within a given biofilter was stable across 
      media types. In addition, DGGE of all aquarium biofilters revealed low AOA 
      diversity, with few bands, which were stable over time. Nonmetric 
      multidimensional scaling (NMDS) based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis 
      (DGGE) fingerprints of thaumarchaeal 16S rRNA genes placed freshwater and marine 
      aquaria communities in separate clusters. These results indicate that AOA are the 
      dominant ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms in freshwater aquarium biofilters, and 
      that AOA community composition within a given aquarium is stable over time and 
      across biofilter support material types.
FAU - Bagchi, Samik
AU  - Bagchi S
AD  - Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, 
      Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
FAU - Vlaeminck, Siegfried E
AU  - Vlaeminck SE
AD  - Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, 
      Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
FAU - Sauder, Laura A
AU  - Sauder LA
AD  - Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
FAU - Mosquera, Mariela
AU  - Mosquera M
AD  - Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, 
      Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
FAU - Neufeld, Josh D
AU  - Neufeld JD
AD  - Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
FAU - Boon, Nico
AU  - Boon N
AD  - Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, 
      Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20141205
PL  - United States
TA  - PLoS One
JT  - PloS one
JID - 101285081
RN  - 0 (RNA, Ribosomal, 16S)
RN  - 7664-41-7 (Ammonia)
RN  - EC 1.- (Oxidoreductases)
RN  - EC 1.7.3.- (ammonia monooxygenase)
SB  - IM
MH  - Ammonia/metabolism
MH  - Archaea/genetics/*metabolism
MH  - Bacteria/metabolism
MH  - Filtration
MH  - Fresh Water/chemistry/*microbiology
MH  - *Oxidation-Reduction
MH  - Oxidoreductases
MH  - RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/*genetics
MH  - Soil Microbiology
PMC - PMC4257543
COIS- Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
EDAT- 2014/12/06 06:00
MHDA- 2015/07/30 06:00
PMCR- 2014/12/05
CRDT- 2014/12/06 06:00
PHST- 2013/10/21 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2014/10/29 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2014/12/06 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2014/12/06 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2015/07/30 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2014/12/05 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - PONE-D-13-42979 [pii]
AID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0113515 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - PLoS One. 2014 Dec 5;9(12):e113515. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113515. 
      eCollection 2014.