PMID- 25482046
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20151126
LR  - 20200106
IS  - 1873-474X (Electronic)
IS  - 0736-5748 (Linking)
VI  - 41
DP  - 2015 Apr
TI  - The neurotoxicity of amphetamines during the adolescent period.
PG  - 44-62
LID - S0736-5748(14)00192-0 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.12.001 [doi]
AB  - Amphetamine-type psychostimulants (ATS), such as amphetamine (AMPH), 
      3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and methamphetamine (METH) are 
      psychoactive substances widely abused, due to their powerful central nervous 
      system (CNS) stimulation ability. Young people particularly use ATS as 
      recreational drugs. Moreover, AMPH is used clinically, particularly for attention 
      deficit hyperactivity disorder, and has the ability to cause structural and 
      functional brain alterations. ATS are known to interact with monoamine 
      transporter sites and easily diffuse across cellular membranes, attaining high 
      levels in several tissues, particularly the brain. Strong evidence suggests that 
      ATS induce neurotoxic effects, raising concerns about the consequences of drug 
      abuse. Considering that many teenagers and young adults commonly use ATS, our 
      main aim was to review the neurotoxic effects of amphetamines, namely AMPH, MDMA, 
      and METH, in the adolescence period of experimental animals. Reports agree that 
      adolescent animals are less susceptible than adult animals to the neurotoxic 
      effects of amphetamines. The susceptibility to the neurotoxic effects of ATS 
      seems roughly located in the early adolescent period of animals. Many authors 
      report that the age of exposure to ATS is crucial for the neurotoxic outcome, 
      showing that the stage of brain maturity has a strong importance. Moreover, 
      recent studies have been undertaken in young adults and/or consumers during 
      adolescence that clearly indicate brain or behavioural damage, arguing for 
      long-term neurotoxic effects in humans. There is an urgent need for more studies 
      during the adolescence period, in order to unveil the mechanisms and the brain 
      dysfunctions promoted by ATS.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Teixeira-Gomes, Armanda
AU  - Teixeira-Gomes A
AD  - REQUIMTE (Rede de Quimica e Tecnologia), Laboratorio de Toxicologia, Departamento 
      de Ciencias Biologicas, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de 
      Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: 
      armandatgomes@gmail.com.
FAU - Costa, Vera Marisa
AU  - Costa VM
AD  - REQUIMTE (Rede de Quimica e Tecnologia), Laboratorio de Toxicologia, Departamento 
      de Ciencias Biologicas, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de 
      Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
FAU - Feio-Azevedo, Rita
AU  - Feio-Azevedo R
AD  - REQUIMTE (Rede de Quimica e Tecnologia), Laboratorio de Toxicologia, Departamento 
      de Ciencias Biologicas, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de 
      Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
FAU - Bastos, Maria de Lourdes
AU  - Bastos Mde L
AD  - REQUIMTE (Rede de Quimica e Tecnologia), Laboratorio de Toxicologia, Departamento 
      de Ciencias Biologicas, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de 
      Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
FAU - Carvalho, Felix
AU  - Carvalho F
AD  - REQUIMTE (Rede de Quimica e Tecnologia), Laboratorio de Toxicologia, Departamento 
      de Ciencias Biologicas, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de 
      Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
FAU - Capela, Joao Paulo
AU  - Capela JP
AD  - REQUIMTE (Rede de Quimica e Tecnologia), Laboratorio de Toxicologia, Departamento 
      de Ciencias Biologicas, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de 
      Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciencias da 
      Saude, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Rua Carlos da Maia, 296, 4200-150 Porto, 
      Portugal. Electronic address: joaocapela@ff.up.pt.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Review
DEP - 20141204
PL  - United States
TA  - Int J Dev Neurosci
JT  - International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the 
      International Society for Developmental Neuroscience
JID - 8401784
RN  - 0 (Amphetamines)
RN  - 0 (Central Nervous System Stimulants)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adolescent
MH  - Amphetamine-Related Disorders/*complications
MH  - Amphetamines/*toxicity
MH  - Central Nervous System Stimulants/*toxicity
MH  - Humans
MH  - Nervous System/*drug effects
MH  - Neurotoxicity Syndromes/*etiology
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Adolescence
OT  - Amphetamines
OT  - Methamphetamine
OT  - Neurotoxicity
OT  - "Ecstasy"
EDAT- 2014/12/09 06:00
MHDA- 2015/12/15 06:00
CRDT- 2014/12/09 06:00
PHST- 2014/10/17 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2014/11/30 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2014/12/01 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2014/12/09 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2014/12/09 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2015/12/15 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0736-5748(14)00192-0 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.12.001 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Int J Dev Neurosci. 2015 Apr;41:44-62. doi: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.12.001. Epub 
      2014 Dec 4.