PMID- 25483374
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20150828
LR  - 20201209
IS  - 1090-2414 (Electronic)
IS  - 0147-6513 (Linking)
VI  - 113
DP  - 2015 Mar
TI  - Microbial evaluation of sandboxes located in urban area.
PG  - 64-71
LID - S0147-6513(14)00541-7 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.11.029 [doi]
AB  - This paper presents the results of a study on the degree of bacteriological 
      pollution of sandboxes situated in fenced and unfenced housing estates located in 
      an urban area in Olsztyn, Poland. Heterotrophic plate counts (HPC22, HPC37), 
      Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. and 
      Clostridium perfringens determined by cultivation and fluorescence in situ 
      hybridization (FISH) methods were used as indicators of the sanitary state. Their 
      maximum number in the sand samples reached values of up to 5.4x10(7), 2.6x10(6), 
      3.3x10(4), 2.1x10(3), 1.8x10(4), 1.9x10(1) and 1.2x10(4)CFU/g, respectively. It 
      was found that values of culture-independent method were two-four orders greater 
      than those obtained by the cultivation method. Among identified 
      Enterobacteriaceae, Pantoea spp. and Enterobacter cloacae were the most numerous, 
      whereas Escherichia cells were detected only occasionally. Pathogenic bacteria of 
      the genus Salmonella sp. were isolated from sandboxes also when E. coli were 
      absent. Bacteria from Staphylococcus genus were isolated irrespective of the site 
      and time of sampling. Additionally, the presence of molds and yeasts was studied. 
      Maximum counts of these microorganisms amounted to 1.0x10(5) and to 
      3.5x10(4)CFU/g. Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria and Trichoderma genera were 
      most numerous among molds, whereas Trichosporon was detected most frequently 
      among yeasts. Sandboxes in the fenced housing estate and those located in the 
      area which is not close to trees were less polluted than the sand collected from 
      sandboxes in the unfenced housing estate. Potentially pathogenic bacteria of the 
      genus Salmonella spp. were identified in analyzed sandboxes, also when Toxocara 
      and E. coli were absent. It seems that assessing the contamination of children's 
      play areas basing only on fecal bacteria counts and by monitoring number of 
      parasites' eggs may be insufficient to evaluate microbial pollution of sandboxes 
      and may not fully reflect their safety for children.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
FAU - Gotkowska-Plachta, Anna
AU  - Gotkowska-Plachta A
AD  - Department of Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, 
      University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawochenskiego 1, 10-720 Olsztyn, 
      Poland.
FAU - Korzeniewska, Ewa
AU  - Korzeniewska E
AD  - Department of Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, 
      University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawochenskiego 1, 10-720 Olsztyn, 
      Poland. Electronic address: ewa.korzeniewska@uwm.edu.pl.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20141205
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Ecotoxicol Environ Saf
JT  - Ecotoxicology and environmental safety
JID - 7805381
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Bacteria/*isolation & purification
MH  - Cats
MH  - Cities
MH  - Dogs
MH  - Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification
MH  - Enterococcus faecalis/isolation & purification
MH  - *Environmental Pollution
MH  - Escherichia coli/isolation & purification
MH  - Feces/microbiology
MH  - Fungi/*isolation & purification
MH  - Play and Playthings
MH  - Poland
MH  - Salmonella/isolation & purification
MH  - Yeasts/isolation & purification
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Enterobacteriaceae
OT  - FISH method
OT  - Microbiological safety
OT  - Molds
OT  - Sand
OT  - Yeasts
EDAT- 2014/12/09 06:00
MHDA- 2015/09/01 06:00
CRDT- 2014/12/09 06:00
PHST- 2014/04/10 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2014/09/13 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2014/11/25 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2014/12/09 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2014/12/09 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2015/09/01 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0147-6513(14)00541-7 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.11.029 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2015 Mar;113:64-71. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.11.029. 
      Epub 2014 Dec 5.