PMID- 25497374
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20150923
LR  - 20161125
IS  - 1873-7544 (Electronic)
IS  - 0306-4522 (Linking)
VI  - 287
DP  - 2015 Feb 26
TI  - Tormentic acid reduces inflammation in BV-2 microglia by activating the liver X 
      receptor alpha.
PG  - 9-14
LID - S0306-4522(14)01037-9 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.12.005 [doi]
AB  - Tormentic acid (TA) has been reported to have anticancer, anti-inflammatory and 
      anti-atherogenic properties. However, the effects of TA on neuroinflammation have 
      not been reported. In this study, we investigated whether TA inhibited 
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in BV2 microglia cells. 
      BV2 microglia cells were treated with TA for 1h before exposure to LPS. The 
      expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 
      Nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) and liver X receptor alpha (LXRalpha) was detected by 
      western blotting. The expression of cytokines Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) 
      and interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays 
      (ELISA). Results showed that TA inhibited nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 
      (PGE2) production by inhibiting iNOS and COX-2 expression. TA also inhibited 
      LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1beta expression. Furthermore, TA 
      could activate LXRalpha and inhibit LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation. Knowdown of LXRalpha 
      reversed the anti-inflammatory effects of TA. In conclusion, our results indicate 
      that TA exerts an anti-inflammatory effect on LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia cells 
      by activating LXRalpha.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2014 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Ma, A
AU  - Ma A
AD  - Department of Neurology, He Bei Provincial Chest Hospital, Shi Jiazhuang 050000, 
      China.
FAU - Wang, Y
AU  - Wang Y
AD  - Department of Nephrology, He Bei Provincial Chest Hospital, Shi Jiazhuang 050000, 
      China.
FAU - Zhang, Q
AU  - Zhang Q
AD  - Department of Neurology, He Bei Provincial Chest Hospital, Shi Jiazhuang 050000, 
      China. Electronic address: zhengjieshenggz@163.com.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20141210
PL  - United States
TA  - Neuroscience
JT  - Neuroscience
JID - 7605074
RN  - 0 (Anti-Inflammatory Agents)
RN  - 0 (Lipopolysaccharides)
RN  - 0 (Liver X Receptors)
RN  - 0 (NR1H3 protein, human)
RN  - 0 (Orphan Nuclear Receptors)
RN  - 0 (Triterpenes)
RN  - 53155-25-2 (euscaphic acid)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Anti-Inflammatory Agents/*administration & dosage/toxicity
MH  - Cell Line
MH  - Cell Survival/drug effects
MH  - Encephalitis/metabolism/*prevention & control
MH  - Humans
MH  - Lipopolysaccharides
MH  - Liver X Receptors
MH  - Microglia/*drug effects/metabolism
MH  - Orphan Nuclear Receptors/*metabolism
MH  - Triterpenes/*administration & dosage/toxicity
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - LPS
OT  - LXRalpha
OT  - NF-kappaB
OT  - PGE(2)
OT  - microglia
OT  - tormentic acid
EDAT- 2014/12/17 06:00
MHDA- 2015/09/24 06:00
CRDT- 2014/12/16 06:00
PHST- 2014/09/12 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2014/12/03 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2014/12/03 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2014/12/16 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2014/12/17 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2015/09/24 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0306-4522(14)01037-9 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.12.005 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Neuroscience. 2015 Feb 26;287:9-14. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.12.005. Epub 
      2014 Dec 10.