PMID- 25504929
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20150826
LR  - 20141216
IS  - 1552-5015 (Electronic)
IS  - 1552-5007 (Linking)
VI  - 324
IP  - 1
DP  - 2015 Jan
TI  - Expression of a retinoic acid receptor (RAR)-like protein in the embryonic and 
      adult nervous system of a protostome species.
PG  - 51-67
LID - 10.1002/jez.b.22604 [doi]
AB  - The vitamin A metabolite, retinoic acid, is an important molecule in nervous 
      system development and regeneration in vertebrates. Retinoic acid signaling in 
      vertebrates is mediated by two classes of nuclear receptors, the retinoid X 
      receptors (RXRs) and the retinoic acid receptors (RARs). Recently, evidence has 
      emerged to suggest that many effects of retinoic acid are conserved between 
      vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems, even though the RARs were previously 
      thought to be a vertebrate innovation and to not exist in non-chordates. We have 
      cloned a full-length putative RAR from the CNS of the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis 
      (LymRAR). Immunoreactivity for the RAR protein was found in axons of adult 
      neurons in the central nervous system and in growth cones of regenerating neurons 
      in vitro. A vertebrate RAR antagonist blocked growth cone turning induced by 
      exogenous all-trans retinoic acid, possibly suggesting a role for this receptor 
      in axon guidance. We also provide immunostaining evidence for the presence of RAR 
      protein in the developing, embryonic CNS, where it is also found in axonal 
      processes. Using qPCR, we determined that LymRAR mRNA is detectable in the early 
      veliger stage embryo and that mRNA levels increase significantly during embryonic 
      development. Putative disruption of retinoid signaling in Lymnaea embryos using 
      vertebrate RAR antagonists resulted in abnormal eye and shell development and in 
      some instances completely halted development, resembling the effects of all-trans 
      retinoic acid. This study provides evidence for RAR functioning in a protostome 
      species.
CI  - (c) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
FAU - Carter, Christopher J
AU  - Carter CJ
AD  - Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, Ontario, Canada.
FAU - Rand, Christopher
AU  - Rand C
FAU - Mohammad, Imtiaz
AU  - Mohammad I
FAU - Lepp, Amanda
AU  - Lepp A
FAU - Vesprini, Nicholas
AU  - Vesprini N
FAU - Wiebe, Olivia
AU  - Wiebe O
FAU - Carlone, Robert
AU  - Carlone R
FAU - Spencer, Gaynor E
AU  - Spencer GE
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PL  - United States
TA  - J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol
JT  - Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution
JID - 101168228
RN  - 0 (RNA, Messenger)
RN  - 0 (Receptors, Retinoic Acid)
RN  - 5688UTC01R (Tretinoin)
SB  - IM
MH  - Amino Acid Sequence
MH  - Animals
MH  - Base Sequence
MH  - Central Nervous System/embryology/*metabolism
MH  - Cloning, Molecular
MH  - Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism
MH  - Gastropoda/*embryology/genetics
MH  - Growth Cones/metabolism
MH  - Neurons/metabolism
MH  - RNA, Messenger/metabolism
MH  - Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
MH  - Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics/*metabolism
MH  - Signal Transduction
MH  - Tretinoin/pharmacology
EDAT- 2014/12/17 06:00
MHDA- 2015/08/27 06:00
CRDT- 2014/12/16 06:00
PHST- 2014/05/23 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2014/10/18 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2014/12/16 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2014/12/17 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2015/08/27 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1002/jez.b.22604 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol. 2015 Jan;324(1):51-67. doi: 10.1002/jez.b.22604.