PMID- 25523514
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20150916
LR  - 20181113
IS  - 1791-3004 (Electronic)
IS  - 1791-2997 (Print)
IS  - 1791-2997 (Linking)
VI  - 11
IP  - 4
DP  - 2015 Apr
TI  - Histopathological assessment of inflammation and expression of inflammatory 
      markers in patients with ketamine-induced cystitis.
PG  - 2421-8
LID - 10.3892/mmr.2014.3110 [doi]
AB  - The aim of the current study was to evaluate the histopathological features of 
      inflammation and the expression levels of inflammatory markers in tissue samples 
      from patients with ketamine‑induced cystitis. Bladder biopsy samples for 
      histological analysis were obtained from 23 patients (18 men and 5 women) with a 
      self‑reported history of ketamine use and who were treated for cystitis at the 
      Tri‑Service General Hospital of Taipei, Taiwan. Immunohistochemical staining for 
      cyclooxygenase‑2 (COX‑2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), matrix 
      metallopeptidase‑9 (MMP‑9), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and 
      phosphorylated 40S ribosomal protein S6 (Phos‑S6) was performed. The results 
      revealed urothelial atypia in all patients, and intravascular eosinophil 
      accumulation in 22 patients. Histopathological features included denuded 
      urothelial mucosa, ulceration, collagen deposition, smooth muscle degeneration 
      and vessel proliferation. Tissue samples were immunopositive for all of the 
      inflammation markers, including the urothelium, vessel walls, and smooth muscle. 
      COX‑2 staining revealed a significant difference between the inflammatory levels 
      in the urothelium and smooth muscle, and iNOS staining differed significantly 
      between inflammatory levels in smooth muscle (p=0.029). A positive correlation 
      was observed between the percentage of Phos‑S6‑positive cells and the levels of 
      inflammation in the urothelium. These results add to the descriptive literature 
      on the histopathological aspects of ketamine‑induced cystitis, emphasizing the 
      inflammatory nature and a possible role for proteins such as COX‑2, iNOS and 
      Phos‑S6 in the degree of inflammation.
FAU - Lin, Hsin-Chung
AU  - Lin HC
AD  - Department of Pathology, Tri‑Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical 
      Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, R.O.C.
FAU - Lee, Herng-Sheng
AU  - Lee HS
AD  - Department of Pathology, Tri‑Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical 
      Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, R.O.C.
FAU - Chiueh, Tzong-Shi
AU  - Chiueh TS
AD  - Department of Pathology, Tri‑Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical 
      Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, R.O.C.
FAU - Lin, Yu-Chieh
AU  - Lin YC
AD  - Department of Pathology, Tri‑Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical 
      Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, R.O.C.
FAU - Lin, Hsin-An
AU  - Lin HA
AD  - Division of Infection, Department of Medicine, Tri‑Service General Hospital, 
      National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, R.O.C.
FAU - Lin, Yu-Chun
AU  - Lin YC
AD  - Department of Pathology, Tri‑Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical 
      Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, R.O.C.
FAU - Cha, Tai-Lung
AU  - Cha TL
AD  - Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tri‑Service General Hospital, 
      National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, R.O.C.
FAU - Meng, En
AU  - Meng E
AD  - Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tri‑Service General Hospital, 
      National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, R.O.C.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20141218
PL  - Greece
TA  - Mol Med Rep
JT  - Molecular medicine reports
JID - 101475259
RN  - 0 (Analgesics)
RN  - 0 (Biomarkers)
RN  - 0 (Inflammation Mediators)
RN  - 690G0D6V8H (Ketamine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adolescent
MH  - Adult
MH  - Analgesics/*adverse effects
MH  - Biomarkers
MH  - Cystitis/diagnosis/*etiology/metabolism/*pathology
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Immunohistochemistry
MH  - Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
MH  - Ketamine/*adverse effects
MH  - Male
MH  - Mucous Membrane/metabolism/pathology
MH  - Urinary Bladder/metabolism/pathology
MH  - Young Adult
PMC - PMC4337510
EDAT- 2014/12/20 06:00
MHDA- 2015/09/17 06:00
PMCR- 2014/12/18
CRDT- 2014/12/20 06:00
PHST- 2014/01/09 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2014/10/24 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2014/12/20 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2014/12/20 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2015/09/17 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2014/12/18 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - mmr-11-04-2421 [pii]
AID - 10.3892/mmr.2014.3110 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Mol Med Rep. 2015 Apr;11(4):2421-8. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2014.3110. Epub 2014 Dec 18.