PMID- 25576490
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20160210
LR  - 20150209
IS  - 1873-2534 (Electronic)
IS  - 0165-2427 (Linking)
VI  - 163
IP  - 3-4
DP  - 2015 Feb 15
TI  - The impact of weight loss on circulating cytokines in Beagle dogs.
PG  - 174-82
LID - S0165-2427(14)00305-5 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.12.003 [doi]
AB  - Chronic low-grade inflammation in obesity is characterized by an increased 
      production of pro-inflammatory and chemotactic cytokines that are contributing to 
      insulin resistance and related co-morbidities. Cytokines act in networks and 
      exhibit pleiotropic effects so we investigated the circulating levels of a wide 
      array of cytokines (pro and anti-inflammatory, chemotactic and growth factors) in 
      a canine model of weight loss. The dogs served as their own control in order to 
      study the impact of weight loss independent of potential confounding factors, 
      such as history of excess weight or gender. While low-grade inflammation had been 
      previously investigated in obese dogs by measuring changes in adipokines, acute 
      phase proteins and key pro-inflammatory cytokines, to the best of our knowledge 
      this is the first study to evaluate how weight loss impacts a wide array of 
      circulating cytokines. Eighteen overweight Beagle dogs were recruited (six spayed 
      females and 12 neutered males), and none of them were grossly obese according to 
      the body condition score (BCS). All the dogs reached an ideal weight by the end 
      of the program. Parameters were assessed before (baseline), at mid-point (month 
      3) and at end-point (month 6). Plasma GM-CSF, IL-2, Il-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, 
      IL-10, IL-15, IL-18, IFNgamma, IP-10, TNFalpha, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), 
      keratinocyte chemokine (KC) were measured with canine multiplex immunoassays. Fat 
      mass was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorption (DEXA). Several cytokines 
      decreased throughout the weight loss program (p<0.01) and were correlated with 
      the percentage of fat measured by DEXA (p<0.05): chemotactic (MCP-1), growth 
      factors (GM-CSF, IL-7 and IL-2), and pro-inflammatory (KC and IL-18). We could 
      not show trends for several cytokines, possibly because their level may be lower 
      than the assay sensitivity: anti-inflammatory (IL-4 and IL-10), and 
      pro-inflammatory (IL-6 and TNFalpha). In conclusion, while our findings for several 
      pro-inflammatory and chemotactic cytokines are in accordance with human and 
      rodent studies, we may have identified additional cytokines, such as growth 
      factors, related to obesity-induced low-grade inflammation. Considering the 
      weight loss was enabled by an adjusted diet, the role of this association of 
      cytokines in insulin resistance and related co-morbidities needs to be clarified. 
      Our results could help better understand the cytokine biology in dogs, and as 
      such are relevant for further elucidating the relationship between immune 
      function and metabolism/nutrition.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Bastien, Berenice C
AU  - Bastien BC
AD  - Nestle Purina Research, One Checkerboard Square, 2RS, Saint Louis, MO 63164, USA. 
      Electronic address: berenice.bastien@rd.nestle.com.
FAU - Patil, Avinash
AU  - Patil A
AD  - Nestle Purina Research, One Checkerboard Square, 2RS, Saint Louis, MO 63164, USA.
FAU - Satyaraj, Ebenezer
AU  - Satyaraj E
AD  - Nestle Purina Research, One Checkerboard Square, 2RS, Saint Louis, MO 63164, USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20141220
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Vet Immunol Immunopathol
JT  - Veterinary immunology and immunopathology
JID - 8002006
RN  - 0 (Cytokines)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Cytokines/genetics/*metabolism
MH  - Dogs/immunology/*physiology
MH  - Female
MH  - Gene Expression Regulation/immunology/*physiology
MH  - Inflammation/metabolism
MH  - Male
MH  - Weight Loss/*physiology
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - IL-18
OT  - IL-7
OT  - Inflammation
OT  - MCP-1
OT  - Obesity
EDAT- 2015/01/13 06:00
MHDA- 2016/02/11 06:00
CRDT- 2015/01/11 06:00
PHST- 2014/05/30 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2014/11/25 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2014/12/15 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2015/01/11 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2015/01/13 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2016/02/11 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0165-2427(14)00305-5 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.12.003 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2015 Feb 15;163(3-4):174-82. doi: 
      10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.12.003. Epub 2014 Dec 20.