PMID- 25587221
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
DCOM- 20150114
LR  - 20200930
IS  - 1179-1411 (Print)
IS  - 1179-1411 (Electronic)
IS  - 1179-1411 (Linking)
VI  - 6
DP  - 2014
TI  - Long-term efficacy and safety of human papillomavirus vaccination.
PG  - 999-1010
LID - 10.2147/IJWH.S50365 [doi]
AB  - In this paper, we review the published evidence about the long-term efficacy of 
      the available human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines and their safety profile. Two 
      prophylactic HPV vaccines - bivalent (bHPV) and quadrivalent (qHPV) - are now 
      available, and vaccination programs are being widely implemented, primarily 
      targeting adolescent girls. Efficacy has been widely demonstrated for both 
      vaccines. Since the risk of HPV exposure potentially persists throughout a 
      woman's sexual life, vaccine duration of protection is critical to overall 
      effectiveness. Interpreting the results of long-term efficacy studies for the two 
      HPV vaccines can be puzzling, due to the heterogeneity of studies, different 
      methods used in the assessment of immunogenicity, histopathological and 
      virological end points, and statistical power issues. Moreover, an immunologic 
      correlate of protection has not yet been established, and it is unknown whether 
      higher antibody levels will really result in a longer duration of protection. 
      Disease prevention remains the most important measure of long-term duration of 
      vaccine efficacy. To date, the longest follow-up of an HPV vaccine has been 9.4 
      years for the bHPV vaccine. Long-term follow-up for qHPV vaccine goes up to 8 
      years. The vaccine continues to be immunogenic and well tolerated up to 9 years 
      following vaccination. All randomized controlled clinical trials of the bHPV and 
      the qHPV vaccines provide evidence of an excellent safety profile. The most 
      common complaint reported is pain in the injection site, which is self-limiting 
      and spontaneously resolved. The incidence of systemic adverse events (AEs), 
      serious AEs, and discontinuations due to a serious AE reported in clinical 
      studies are similar between the two vaccines and their control groups. In 
      particular, no increased risk of autoimmune disease has been shown among 
      HPV-vaccinated subjects in long-term observation studies. As these are crucial 
      topics in HPV vaccination, it is important to establish systems for continued 
      monitoring of vaccine immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety over time.
FAU - De Vincenzo, Rosa
AU  - De Vincenzo R
AD  - Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 
      Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
FAU - Conte, Carmine
AU  - Conte C
AD  - Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 
      Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
FAU - Ricci, Caterina
AU  - Ricci C
AD  - Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 
      Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
FAU - Scambia, Giovanni
AU  - Scambia G
AD  - Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 
      Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
FAU - Capelli, Giovanni
AU  - Capelli G
AD  - Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and 
      Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20141203
PL  - New Zealand
TA  - Int J Womens Health
JT  - International journal of women's health
JID - 101531698
PMC - PMC4262378
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - HPV vaccines
OT  - adverse events
OT  - effectiveness
EDAT- 2015/01/15 06:00
MHDA- 2015/01/15 06:01
PMCR- 2014/12/03
CRDT- 2015/01/15 06:00
PHST- 2015/01/15 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2015/01/15 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2015/01/15 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2014/12/03 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - ijwh-6-999 [pii]
AID - 10.2147/IJWH.S50365 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Int J Womens Health. 2014 Dec 3;6:999-1010. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S50365. eCollection 
      2014.