PMID- 25616380
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20151023
LR  - 20220330
IS  - 1614-7499 (Electronic)
IS  - 0944-1344 (Linking)
VI  - 22
IP  - 13
DP  - 2015 Jul
TI  - Levels, potential sources and human health risk of polycyclic aromatic 
      hydrocarbons (PAHs) in particulate matter (PM(10)) in Kumasi, Ghana.
PG  - 9658-67
LID - 10.1007/s11356-014-4022-1 [doi]
AB  - Airborne particulate samples were collected on quartz filters to determine the 
      concentrations, sources and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 
      (PAHs) in air in Kumasi, Ghana. A total of 32 air samples were collected in Kwame 
      Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) campus (pristine site) and 
      city centre (CC). Samples were extracted with 1:2 v/v acetone/hexane mixture 
      prior to GC-MS analyses. The sum of concentrations of 17 PAHs in air ranged from 
      0.51 to 16 (KNUST) and 19-38 ng/m(3) (CC). The concentration of benzo[a]pyrene, 
      BaP, ranged from below detection limit to 0.08 ng/m(3) (KNUST) and 1.6 to 5.6 
      ng/m(3) (CC). Chemical mass balance model showed that PAHs in air in Kumasi were 
      mainly from fuel combustion. The total BaP equivalent concentration (BaPeq) in CC 
      was 18 times higher compared to KNUST; based on the European Legislation and 
      Swedish and UK Standards for BaP in air, CC could be classified as highly 
      polluted. Estimated carcinogenicity of PAHs in terms of BaPeq indicated that BaP 
      was the principal PAH contributor in CC (70%). Health risk to adults and children 
      associated with PAH inhalation was assessed by taking into account the lifetime 
      average daily dose and corresponding incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR). The 
      ILCR was within the acceptable range (10(-6) to 10(-4)), indicating low health 
      risk to residents.
FAU - Bortey-Sam, Nesta
AU  - Bortey-Sam N
AD  - Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, 
      Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, 
      Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.
FAU - Ikenaka, Yoshinori
AU  - Ikenaka Y
FAU - Akoto, Osei
AU  - Akoto O
FAU - Nakayama, Shouta M M
AU  - Nakayama SM
FAU - Yohannes, Yared Beyene
AU  - Yohannes YB
FAU - Baidoo, Elvis
AU  - Baidoo E
FAU - Mizukawa, Hazuki
AU  - Mizukawa H
FAU - Ishizuka, Mayumi
AU  - Ishizuka M
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20150125
PL  - Germany
TA  - Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
JT  - Environmental science and pollution research international
JID - 9441769
RN  - 0 (Air Pollutants)
RN  - 0 (Particulate Matter)
RN  - 0 (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons)
RN  - 3417WMA06D (Benzo(a)pyrene)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Air Pollutants/*analysis
MH  - Benzo(a)pyrene/analysis
MH  - Child
MH  - Cities/statistics & numerical data
MH  - Environmental Exposure/*statistics & numerical data
MH  - Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
MH  - Ghana
MH  - Humans
MH  - Particulate Matter/*analysis
MH  - Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/*analysis
MH  - Risk
MH  - Risk Assessment
EDAT- 2015/01/27 06:00
MHDA- 2015/10/24 06:00
CRDT- 2015/01/25 06:00
PHST- 2014/08/11 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2014/12/17 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2015/01/25 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2015/01/27 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2015/10/24 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1007/s11356-014-4022-1 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2015 Jul;22(13):9658-67. doi: 
      10.1007/s11356-014-4022-1. Epub 2015 Jan 25.