PMID- 25713747
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
DCOM- 20150225
LR  - 20200603
IS  - 2160-8288 (Print)
IS  - 2160-8288 (Electronic)
IS  - 2160-8288 (Linking)
VI  - 5
DP  - 2015
TI  - The role of dopamine and dopaminergic pathways in dystonia: insights from 
      neuroimaging.
PG  - 280
LID - 10.7916/D8J101XV [doi]
LID - 280
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dystonia constitutes a heterogeneous group of movement abnormalities, 
      characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal 
      postures. Overwhelming data suggest involvement of basal ganglia and dopaminergic 
      pathways in dystonia. In this review, we critically evaluate recent neuroimaging 
      studies that investigate dopamine receptors, endogenous dopamine release, 
      morphology of striatum, and structural or functional connectivity in 
      cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical and related cerebellar circuits in 
      dystonia. METHOD: A PubMed search was conducted in August 2014. RESULTS: Positron 
      emission tomography (PET) imaging offers strong evidence for altered D2/D3 
      receptor binding and dopaminergic release in many forms of idiopathic dystonia. 
      Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) 
      data reveal likely involvement of related cerebello-thalamo-cortical and 
      sensory-motor networks in addition to basal ganglia. DISCUSSION: PET imaging of 
      dopamine receptors or transmitter release remains an effective means to 
      investigate dopaminergic pathways, yet may miss factors affecting dopamine 
      homeostasis and related subcellular signaling cascades that could alter the 
      function of these pathways. fMRI and DTI methods may reveal functional or 
      anatomical changes associated with dysfunction of dopamine-mediated pathways. 
      Each of these methods can be used to monitor target engagement for potential new 
      treatments. PET imaging of striatal phosphodiesterase and development of new 
      selective PET radiotracers for dopamine D3-specific receptors and Mechanistic 
      target of rampamycin (mTOR) are crucial to further investigate dopaminergic 
      pathways. A multimodal approach may have the greatest potential, using PET to 
      identify the sites of molecular pathology and magnetic resonance methods to 
      determine their downstream effects.
FAU - Karimi, Morvarid
AU  - Karimi M
AD  - Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
FAU - Perlmutter, Joel S
AU  - Perlmutter JS
AD  - Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA ; 
      Department of Radiology, Neurobiology, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, 
      Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
LA  - eng
GR  - K23 NS069746/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 NS075321/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 NS041509/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States
GR  - U54 TR001456/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States
GR  - U54 NS065701/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 NS058714/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20150129
PL  - England
TA  - Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y)
JT  - Tremor and other hyperkinetic movements (New York, N.Y.)
JID - 101569493
PMC - PMC4314610
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Dystonia
OT  - diffusion tensor imaging
OT  - dopamine
OT  - functional magnetic resonance imaging
OT  - positron emission tomography
COIS- Financial disclosures: None. Conflict of Interests: None.
EDAT- 2015/02/26 06:00
MHDA- 2015/02/26 06:01
PMCR- 2015/01/29
CRDT- 2015/02/26 06:00
PHST- 2014/10/15 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2015/01/03 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2015/02/26 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2015/02/26 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2015/02/26 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2015/01/29 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.7916/D8J101XV [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2015 Jan 29;5:280. doi: 10.7916/D8J101XV. 
      eCollection 2015.