PMID- 25716777
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20160205
LR  - 20191210
IS  - 1469-5111 (Electronic)
IS  - 1461-1457 (Print)
IS  - 1461-1457 (Linking)
VI  - 18
IP  - 7
DP  - 2015 Feb 25
TI  - A placebo-controlled trial of dextromethorphan as an adjunct in opioid-dependent 
      patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment.
PG  - pyv008
LID - pyv008 [pii]
LID - 10.1093/ijnp/pyv008 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: Low-dose dextromethorphan (DM) might have anti-inflammatory and 
      neurotrophic effects mechanistically remote from an NMDA receptor. In a 
      randomized, double-blind, controlled 12 week study, we investigated whether 
      add-on dextromethorphan reduced cytokine levels and benefitted opioid-dependent 
      patients undergoing methadone maintenance therapy (MMT). METHODS: Patients were 
      randomly assigned to a group: DM60 (60mg/day dextromethorphan; n = 65), DM120 
      (120mg/day dextromethorphan; n = 65), or placebo (n = 66). Primary outcomes were 
      the methadone dose required, plasma morphine level, and retention in treatment. 
      Plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-6, 
      IL-8, transforming growth factor-beta1, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) 
      levels were examined during weeks 0, 1, 4, 8, and 12. Multiple linear regressions 
      with generalized estimating equation methods were used to examine the therapeutic 
      effect. RESULTS: After 12 weeks, the DM60 group had significantly longer 
      treatment retention and lower plasma morphine levels than did the placebo group. 
      Plasma TNF-alpha was significantly decreased in the DM60 group compared to the 
      placebo group. However, changes in plasma cytokine levels, BDNF levels, and the 
      methadone dose required in the three groups were not significantly different. 
      CONCLUSIONS: We provide evidence-decreased concomitant heroin use-of low-dose 
      add-on DM's efficacy for treating opioid-dependent patients undergoing MMT.
CI  - (c) The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of CINP.
FAU - Lee, Sheng-Yu
AU  - Lee SY
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 
      (Dr S-Y Lee); Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 
      Taiwan (Drs S-Y Lee, P Chen, I Lee, T-Y Wang, K Chen, Yang, and Lu); Department 
      of Neurology, School of medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 
      (Dr S-L Chen); Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung 
      University, Tainan, Taiwan (Drs Chang and Lu); Laboratory of Neurobiology, 
      NIH/NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC (Drs Chu and S-H Chen); Department of 
      Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, 
      Taipei, Taiwan (Drs Huang and Tzeng); Department of Child and Adolescent 
      Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University 
      College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (Drs L-J Wang, T-Y Wang, and Hong); 
      Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine and Hospital, National 
      Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (Dr Lu); Addiction Research Center, 
      National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (Dr Lu); Center for 
      Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan 
      (Dr Lu).
FAU - Chen, Shiou-Lan
AU  - Chen SL
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 
      (Dr S-Y Lee); Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 
      Taiwan (Drs S-Y Lee, P Chen, I Lee, T-Y Wang, K Chen, Yang, and Lu); Department 
      of Neurology, School of medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 
      (Dr S-L Chen); Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung 
      University, Tainan, Taiwan (Drs Chang and Lu); Laboratory of Neurobiology, 
      NIH/NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC (Drs Chu and S-H Chen); Department of 
      Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, 
      Taipei, Taiwan (Drs Huang and Tzeng); Department of Child and Adolescent 
      Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University 
      College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (Drs L-J Wang, T-Y Wang, and Hong); 
      Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine and Hospital, National 
      Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (Dr Lu); Addiction Research Center, 
      National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (Dr Lu); Center for 
      Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan 
      (Dr Lu).
FAU - Chang, Yun-Hsuan
AU  - Chang YH
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 
      (Dr S-Y Lee); Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 
      Taiwan (Drs S-Y Lee, P Chen, I Lee, T-Y Wang, K Chen, Yang, and Lu); Department 
      of Neurology, School of medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 
      (Dr S-L Chen); Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung 
      University, Tainan, Taiwan (Drs Chang and Lu); Laboratory of Neurobiology, 
      NIH/NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC (Drs Chu and S-H Chen); Department of 
      Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, 
      Taipei, Taiwan (Drs Huang and Tzeng); Department of Child and Adolescent 
      Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University 
      College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (Drs L-J Wang, T-Y Wang, and Hong); 
      Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine and Hospital, National 
      Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (Dr Lu); Addiction Research Center, 
      National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (Dr Lu); Center for 
      Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan 
      (Dr Lu).
FAU - Chu, Chun-Hsien
AU  - Chu CH
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 
      (Dr S-Y Lee); Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 
      Taiwan (Drs S-Y Lee, P Chen, I Lee, T-Y Wang, K Chen, Yang, and Lu); Department 
      of Neurology, School of medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 
      (Dr S-L Chen); Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung 
      University, Tainan, Taiwan (Drs Chang and Lu); Laboratory of Neurobiology, 
      NIH/NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC (Drs Chu and S-H Chen); Department of 
      Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, 
      Taipei, Taiwan (Drs Huang and Tzeng); Department of Child and Adolescent 
      Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University 
      College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (Drs L-J Wang, T-Y Wang, and Hong); 
      Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine and Hospital, National 
      Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (Dr Lu); Addiction Research Center, 
      National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (Dr Lu); Center for 
      Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan 
      (Dr Lu).
FAU - Chen, Shih-Heng
AU  - Chen SH
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 
      (Dr S-Y Lee); Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 
      Taiwan (Drs S-Y Lee, P Chen, I Lee, T-Y Wang, K Chen, Yang, and Lu); Department 
      of Neurology, School of medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 
      (Dr S-L Chen); Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung 
      University, Tainan, Taiwan (Drs Chang and Lu); Laboratory of Neurobiology, 
      NIH/NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC (Drs Chu and S-H Chen); Department of 
      Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, 
      Taipei, Taiwan (Drs Huang and Tzeng); Department of Child and Adolescent 
      Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University 
      College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (Drs L-J Wang, T-Y Wang, and Hong); 
      Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine and Hospital, National 
      Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (Dr Lu); Addiction Research Center, 
      National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (Dr Lu); Center for 
      Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan 
      (Dr Lu).
FAU - Chen, Po See
AU  - Chen PS
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 
      (Dr S-Y Lee); Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 
      Taiwan (Drs S-Y Lee, P Chen, I Lee, T-Y Wang, K Chen, Yang, and Lu); Department 
      of Neurology, School of medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 
      (Dr S-L Chen); Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung 
      University, Tainan, Taiwan (Drs Chang and Lu); Laboratory of Neurobiology, 
      NIH/NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC (Drs Chu and S-H Chen); Department of 
      Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, 
      Taipei, Taiwan (Drs Huang and Tzeng); Department of Child and Adolescent 
      Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University 
      College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (Drs L-J Wang, T-Y Wang, and Hong); 
      Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine and Hospital, National 
      Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (Dr Lu); Addiction Research Center, 
      National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (Dr Lu); Center for 
      Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan 
      (Dr Lu).
FAU - Huang, San-Yuan
AU  - Huang SY
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 
      (Dr S-Y Lee); Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 
      Taiwan (Drs S-Y Lee, P Chen, I Lee, T-Y Wang, K Chen, Yang, and Lu); Department 
      of Neurology, School of medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 
      (Dr S-L Chen); Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung 
      University, Tainan, Taiwan (Drs Chang and Lu); Laboratory of Neurobiology, 
      NIH/NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC (Drs Chu and S-H Chen); Department of 
      Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, 
      Taipei, Taiwan (Drs Huang and Tzeng); Department of Child and Adolescent 
      Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University 
      College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (Drs L-J Wang, T-Y Wang, and Hong); 
      Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine and Hospital, National 
      Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (Dr Lu); Addiction Research Center, 
      National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (Dr Lu); Center for 
      Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan 
      (Dr Lu).
FAU - Tzeng, Nian-Sheng
AU  - Tzeng NS
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 
      (Dr S-Y Lee); Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 
      Taiwan (Drs S-Y Lee, P Chen, I Lee, T-Y Wang, K Chen, Yang, and Lu); Department 
      of Neurology, School of medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 
      (Dr S-L Chen); Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung 
      University, Tainan, Taiwan (Drs Chang and Lu); Laboratory of Neurobiology, 
      NIH/NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC (Drs Chu and S-H Chen); Department of 
      Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, 
      Taipei, Taiwan (Drs Huang and Tzeng); Department of Child and Adolescent 
      Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University 
      College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (Drs L-J Wang, T-Y Wang, and Hong); 
      Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine and Hospital, National 
      Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (Dr Lu); Addiction Research Center, 
      National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (Dr Lu); Center for 
      Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan 
      (Dr Lu).
FAU - Wang, Liang-Jen
AU  - Wang LJ
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 
      (Dr S-Y Lee); Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 
      Taiwan (Drs S-Y Lee, P Chen, I Lee, T-Y Wang, K Chen, Yang, and Lu); Department 
      of Neurology, School of medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 
      (Dr S-L Chen); Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung 
      University, Tainan, Taiwan (Drs Chang and Lu); Laboratory of Neurobiology, 
      NIH/NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC (Drs Chu and S-H Chen); Department of 
      Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, 
      Taipei, Taiwan (Drs Huang and Tzeng); Department of Child and Adolescent 
      Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University 
      College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (Drs L-J Wang, T-Y Wang, and Hong); 
      Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine and Hospital, National 
      Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (Dr Lu); Addiction Research Center, 
      National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (Dr Lu); Center for 
      Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan 
      (Dr Lu).
FAU - Lee, I Hui
AU  - Lee IH
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 
      (Dr S-Y Lee); Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 
      Taiwan (Drs S-Y Lee, P Chen, I Lee, T-Y Wang, K Chen, Yang, and Lu); Department 
      of Neurology, School of medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 
      (Dr S-L Chen); Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung 
      University, Tainan, Taiwan (Drs Chang and Lu); Laboratory of Neurobiology, 
      NIH/NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC (Drs Chu and S-H Chen); Department of 
      Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, 
      Taipei, Taiwan (Drs Huang and Tzeng); Department of Child and Adolescent 
      Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University 
      College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (Drs L-J Wang, T-Y Wang, and Hong); 
      Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine and Hospital, National 
      Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (Dr Lu); Addiction Research Center, 
      National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (Dr Lu); Center for 
      Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan 
      (Dr Lu).
FAU - Wang, Tzu-Yun
AU  - Wang TY
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 
      (Dr S-Y Lee); Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 
      Taiwan (Drs S-Y Lee, P Chen, I Lee, T-Y Wang, K Chen, Yang, and Lu); Department 
      of Neurology, School of medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 
      (Dr S-L Chen); Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung 
      University, Tainan, Taiwan (Drs Chang and Lu); Laboratory of Neurobiology, 
      NIH/NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC (Drs Chu and S-H Chen); Department of 
      Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, 
      Taipei, Taiwan (Drs Huang and Tzeng); Department of Child and Adolescent 
      Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University 
      College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (Drs L-J Wang, T-Y Wang, and Hong); 
      Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine and Hospital, National 
      Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (Dr Lu); Addiction Research Center, 
      National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (Dr Lu); Center for 
      Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan 
      (Dr Lu).
FAU - Chen, Kao Chin
AU  - Chen KC
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 
      (Dr S-Y Lee); Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 
      Taiwan (Drs S-Y Lee, P Chen, I Lee, T-Y Wang, K Chen, Yang, and Lu); Department 
      of Neurology, School of medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 
      (Dr S-L Chen); Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung 
      University, Tainan, Taiwan (Drs Chang and Lu); Laboratory of Neurobiology, 
      NIH/NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC (Drs Chu and S-H Chen); Department of 
      Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, 
      Taipei, Taiwan (Drs Huang and Tzeng); Department of Child and Adolescent 
      Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University 
      College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (Drs L-J Wang, T-Y Wang, and Hong); 
      Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine and Hospital, National 
      Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (Dr Lu); Addiction Research Center, 
      National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (Dr Lu); Center for 
      Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan 
      (Dr Lu).
FAU - Yang, Yen Kuang
AU  - Yang YK
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 
      (Dr S-Y Lee); Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 
      Taiwan (Drs S-Y Lee, P Chen, I Lee, T-Y Wang, K Chen, Yang, and Lu); Department 
      of Neurology, School of medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 
      (Dr S-L Chen); Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung 
      University, Tainan, Taiwan (Drs Chang and Lu); Laboratory of Neurobiology, 
      NIH/NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC (Drs Chu and S-H Chen); Department of 
      Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, 
      Taipei, Taiwan (Drs Huang and Tzeng); Department of Child and Adolescent 
      Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University 
      College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (Drs L-J Wang, T-Y Wang, and Hong); 
      Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine and Hospital, National 
      Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (Dr Lu); Addiction Research Center, 
      National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (Dr Lu); Center for 
      Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan 
      (Dr Lu).
FAU - Hong, Jau-Shyong
AU  - Hong JS
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 
      (Dr S-Y Lee); Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 
      Taiwan (Drs S-Y Lee, P Chen, I Lee, T-Y Wang, K Chen, Yang, and Lu); Department 
      of Neurology, School of medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 
      (Dr S-L Chen); Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung 
      University, Tainan, Taiwan (Drs Chang and Lu); Laboratory of Neurobiology, 
      NIH/NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC (Drs Chu and S-H Chen); Department of 
      Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, 
      Taipei, Taiwan (Drs Huang and Tzeng); Department of Child and Adolescent 
      Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University 
      College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (Drs L-J Wang, T-Y Wang, and Hong); 
      Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine and Hospital, National 
      Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (Dr Lu); Addiction Research Center, 
      National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (Dr Lu); Center for 
      Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan 
      (Dr Lu).
FAU - Lu, Ru-Band
AU  - Lu RB
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 
      (Dr S-Y Lee); Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 
      Taiwan (Drs S-Y Lee, P Chen, I Lee, T-Y Wang, K Chen, Yang, and Lu); Department 
      of Neurology, School of medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 
      (Dr S-L Chen); Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung 
      University, Tainan, Taiwan (Drs Chang and Lu); Laboratory of Neurobiology, 
      NIH/NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC (Drs Chu and S-H Chen); Department of 
      Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, 
      Taipei, Taiwan (Drs Huang and Tzeng); Department of Child and Adolescent 
      Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University 
      College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (Drs L-J Wang, T-Y Wang, and Hong); 
      Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine and Hospital, National 
      Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (Dr Lu); Addiction Research Center, 
      National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (Dr Lu); Center for 
      Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan 
      (Dr Lu). rblu@mail.ncku.edu.tw.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Randomized Controlled Trial
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20150225
PL  - England
TA  - Int J Neuropsychopharmacol
JT  - The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology
JID - 9815893
RN  - 0 (Analgesics, Opioid)
RN  - 0 (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor)
RN  - 0 (Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists)
RN  - 0 (IL6 protein, human)
RN  - 0 (Interleukin-6)
RN  - 0 (Interleukin-8)
RN  - 0 (TNF protein, human)
RN  - 0 (Transforming Growth Factor beta1)
RN  - 0 (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha)
RN  - 7355X3ROTS (Dextromethorphan)
RN  - 76I7G6D29C (Morphine)
RN  - 9007-41-4 (C-Reactive Protein)
RN  - UC6VBE7V1Z (Methadone)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Analgesics, Opioid/toxicity
MH  - Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/blood
MH  - C-Reactive Protein
MH  - Dextromethorphan/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
MH  - Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
MH  - Double-Blind Method
MH  - Drug Therapy, Combination/methods
MH  - Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/administration & dosage/therapeutic use
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Interleukin-6/blood
MH  - Interleukin-8/blood
MH  - Male
MH  - Methadone/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
MH  - Middle Aged
MH  - Morphine/*toxicity
MH  - Opioid-Related Disorders/blood/*drug therapy/psychology
MH  - Retention, Psychology/*drug effects
MH  - Time Factors
MH  - Transforming Growth Factor beta1/blood
MH  - Treatment Outcome
MH  - Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/blood
PMC - PMC4540107
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Cytokines
OT  - Dextromethorphan
OT  - Heroin
OT  - cytokine
OT  - dextromethorphan
OT  - methadone maintenance therapy
OT  - opioid dependence
EDAT- 2015/02/27 06:00
MHDA- 2016/02/06 06:00
PMCR- 2015/03/06
CRDT- 2015/02/27 06:00
PHST- 2014/09/02 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2015/01/16 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2015/02/27 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2015/02/27 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2016/02/06 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2015/03/06 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - pyv008 [pii]
AID - 10.1093/ijnp/pyv008 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015 Feb 25;18(7):pyv008. doi: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv008.