PMID- 25749905
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20160427
LR  - 20181202
IS  - 1720-8319 (Electronic)
IS  - 1594-0667 (Linking)
VI  - 27
IP  - 5
DP  - 2015 Oct
TI  - Evaluation of the cholinergic hypothesis in Alzheimer's disease with 
      neuropsychological methods.
PG  - 727-33
LID - 10.1007/s40520-015-0321-8 [doi]
AB  - AIM: This study aimed at evaluating the cholinergic hypothesis in Alzheimer's 
      disease (AD) patients utilizing the pupillometry method, cognitive tests and 
      Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), as well as to examine whether a 
      correlation between cognitive tests and pupillometry exists. METHODS: Forty-two 
      patients with mean age 69.2 +/- 7.0 years and documented AD volunteered to 
      participate in this study, while 33 healthy matched subjects served as controls. 
      All subjects underwent a pupillometric measurement and performed the Wechsler 
      Memory Scale (WMS) and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Also, HAM-D was used 
      to assess the severity of depressive symptoms. The pupillometric parameters 
      studied were (1) latency for the onset of constriction (T1), (2) maximum 
      constriction velocity (VCmax), and (3) maximum constriction acceleration (ACmax). 
      RESULTS: In AD patients MMSE and WMS score were correlated with ACmax 
      (r = -0.409, p < 0.05 and r = -0.513, p < 0.05, respectively) and VCmax 
      (r = -0.664, p < 0.05 and r = -0.771, p < 0.05), respectively. Moreover, T1 was 
      found to be significantly increased by 23 % (p < 0.05) in AD patients compared to 
      healthy subjects. Conversely, the mean scores of VCmax and ACmax were 
      significantly decreased in AD patients by 46 % (p < 0.05) and by 47 % (p < 0.05), 
      respectively, as compared to healthy subjects. There was no significant 
      difference between the two groups for HAM-D. Additionally, AD patients showed 
      decreased score in WMS by 40 % (p < 0.05) and in MMSE by 28.5 % (p < 0.05) 
      compared to healthy subjects. Of the indices that were studied VCmax and ACmax 
      are governed mainly by the action of the Parasympathetic Nervous System. 
      CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrated that there is a correlation 
      between cognitive tests and pupillometry in AD patients. Thus, pupillometry could 
      be considered as a sensitive technique for the investigation of cholinergic 
      deficits, which indirectly lead to memory and cognitive disorders in AD patients.
FAU - Fotiou, Dimitrios
AU  - Fotiou D
AD  - Neuroscience Division, Medicine School, A Neurology Clinic of AHEPA Hospital, 
      Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
FAU - Kaltsatou, Antonia
AU  - Kaltsatou A
AD  - Neuroscience Division, Medicine School, A Neurology Clinic of AHEPA Hospital, 
      Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece. 
      akaltsat@phed.auth.gr.
AD  - Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 
      Karies, 42100, Trikala, Greece. akaltsat@phed.auth.gr.
FAU - Tsiptsios, Dimitrios
AU  - Tsiptsios D
AD  - Neuroscience Division, Medicine School, A Neurology Clinic of AHEPA Hospital, 
      Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
FAU - Nakou, Maria
AU  - Nakou M
AD  - Neuroscience Division, Medicine School, A Neurology Clinic of AHEPA Hospital, 
      Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20150308
PL  - Germany
TA  - Aging Clin Exp Res
JT  - Aging clinical and experimental research
JID - 101132995
RN  - 0 (Cholinergic Agents)
RN  - N9YNS0M02X (Acetylcholine)
RN  - X4W3ENH1CV (Norepinephrine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Acetylcholine/metabolism
MH  - Aged
MH  - *Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis/metabolism/psychology
MH  - Cholinergic Agents
MH  - Cognition/physiology
MH  - *Cognition Disorders/etiology/metabolism
MH  - Depression/*diagnosis
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Intelligence Tests
MH  - Male
MH  - Memory/physiology
MH  - Middle Aged
MH  - Neuropsychological Tests
MH  - Norepinephrine/metabolism
MH  - *Reflex, Pupillary
MH  - Statistics as Topic
MH  - Synaptic Transmission/*physiology
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Alzheimer's disease
OT  - Cholinergic hypothesis
OT  - Cognitive function
OT  - Neuropsychological methods
OT  - Pupillometry
EDAT- 2015/03/10 06:00
MHDA- 2016/04/28 06:00
CRDT- 2015/03/10 06:00
PHST- 2015/01/12 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2015/01/20 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2015/03/10 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2015/03/10 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2016/04/28 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1007/s40520-015-0321-8 [pii]
AID - 10.1007/s40520-015-0321-8 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Aging Clin Exp Res. 2015 Oct;27(5):727-33. doi: 10.1007/s40520-015-0321-8. Epub 
      2015 Mar 8.