PMID- 25788582 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20150703 LR - 20230216 IS - 1541-6100 (Electronic) IS - 0022-3166 (Print) IS - 0022-3166 (Linking) VI - 145 IP - 5 DP - 2015 May TI - Fish Oil Contaminated with Persistent Organic Pollutants Reduces Antioxidant Capacity and Induces Oxidative Stress without Affecting Its Capacity to Lower Lipid Concentrations and Systemic Inflammation in Rats. PG - 939-44 LID - 10.3945/jn.114.206607 [doi] AB - BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have investigated the benefits of fish, fish oil, and omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids against cardiovascular diseases. However, concern surrounding contamination with persistent organic pollutants (POPs) prompts caution in the recommendation to consume fish and fish oil. OBJECTIVE: The present study compared the effects of fish oil contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCs) on serum lipid profiles, inflammation, and oxidative stress. METHODS: Twenty eight-day-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 30) consumed diets of unmodified fish oil (FO) consisting of 15% fat by weight, persistent organic pollutant-contaminated fish oil (POP FO) (PCBs at 2.40 mug/g; OCs at 3.80 mug/g FO), or corn oil (control; CO) for 9 wk. Lipid profiles and C-reactive protein concentrations were assessed. Hepatic gene expression related to lipid metabolism was determined by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. RESULTS: After 9 wk of feeding, accumulation of PCBs and OCs in the fat tissue of the POP FO group compared with the other 2 groups was confirmed (P < 0.01). Both fish oil groups showed greater HDL cholesterol (FO 53 +/- 5.3 and POP FO 55 +/- 7.7 vs. CO 34 +/- 2.3 mg/dL), but lower triglycerides (24 +/- 2.8 and 22 +/- 3.0 vs. 43 +/- 5.6 mg/dL), LDL cholesterol (38 +/- 14 and 34 +/- 9.2 vs. 67 +/- 4.4 mg/dL), and C-reactive protein (113 +/- 20 and 120 +/- 26 vs. 189 +/- 22 mug/dL) compared with the CO group (P < 0.05). Gene expression of fatty acid synthase in both fish oil groups was also less than in the CO group (P < 0.05). However, the POP FO group showed greater lipid peroxidation (5.1 +/- 0.7 vs. 2.9 +/- 0.9 and 2.6 +/- 0.6 muM) and less antioxidant capacity (0.08 +/- 0.06 vs. 0.5 +/- 0.1 and 0.4 +/- 0.1 mM) than the CO and FO groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that, despite exhibiting benefits on serum lipid concentrations and inflammation, contamination with PCBs and OCs showed significant negative effects on oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity in rats. Future studies should investigate the effects of different contaminant doses and the possibility of a dose-dependent response, a lengthened feeding time, and interactions between contaminant mixtures and oils of varying composition to advise on dietary consumption of fish and fish oil. CI - (c) 2015 American Society for Nutrition. FAU - Hong, Mee Young AU - Hong MY AD - School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, and mhong2@mail.sdsu.edu. FAU - Lumibao, Jan AU - Lumibao J AD - School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, and. FAU - Mistry, Prashila AU - Mistry P AD - School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, and. FAU - Saleh, Rhonda AU - Saleh R AD - Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA. FAU - Hoh, Eunha AU - Hoh E AD - Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA. LA - eng GR - P01 ES021921/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States GR - P01-ES021921/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States PT - Comparative Study PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural PT - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't DEP - 20150318 PL - United States TA - J Nutr JT - The Journal of nutrition JID - 0404243 RN - 0 (Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal) RN - 0 (Environmental Pollutants) RN - 0 (Fish Oils) RN - 0 (Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated) RN - 0 (Hypolipidemic Agents) RN - 9007-41-4 (C-Reactive Protein) RN - DFC2HB4I0K (Polychlorinated Biphenyls) RN - EC 1.1.1.- (Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases) RN - EC 2.3.1.85 (Fatty Acid Synthases) SB - IM MH - Adipose Tissue, White/chemistry/drug effects/immunology/metabolism MH - Animals MH - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects/chemistry/*therapeutic use MH - C-Reactive Protein/analysis MH - *Dietary Supplements/adverse effects MH - Drug Residues/analysis/toxicity MH - Environmental Pollutants/analysis/metabolism/*toxicity MH - Epididymis MH - Fatty Acid Synthases/genetics/metabolism MH - Fish Oils/adverse effects/chemistry/*therapeutic use MH - *Food Contamination MH - Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects MH - Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated/analysis/metabolism/toxicity MH - Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases/genetics/metabolism MH - Hyperlipidemias/blood/immunology/metabolism/prevention & control MH - Hypolipidemic Agents/adverse effects/chemistry/*therapeutic use MH - Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects MH - Liver/chemistry/drug effects/immunology/metabolism MH - Male MH - *Oxidative Stress/drug effects MH - Polychlorinated Biphenyls/analysis/metabolism/toxicity MH - Rats, Sprague-Dawley PMC - PMC4408738 OTO - NOTNLM OT - CVD OT - fish oil OT - inflammation OT - oxidative stress OT - persistent organic pollutants COIS- Author disclosures: MY Hong, J Lumibao, P Mistry, R Saleh, and E Hoh, no conflicts of interest. EDAT- 2015/03/20 06:00 MHDA- 2015/07/04 06:00 PMCR- 2016/05/01 CRDT- 2015/03/20 06:00 PHST- 2014/11/11 00:00 [received] PHST- 2015/03/02 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2015/03/20 06:00 [entrez] PHST- 2015/03/20 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2015/07/04 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2016/05/01 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - S0022-3166(22)08712-0 [pii] AID - 206607 [pii] AID - 10.3945/jn.114.206607 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - J Nutr. 2015 May;145(5):939-44. doi: 10.3945/jn.114.206607. Epub 2015 Mar 18.