PMID- 25808511
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20161213
LR  - 20191210
IS  - 1360-0443 (Electronic)
IS  - 0965-2140 (Linking)
VI  - 110
IP  - 7
DP  - 2015 Jul
TI  - 4-Fluoroamphetamine in the Netherlands: more than a one-night stand.
PG  - 1138-43
LID - 10.1111/add.12932 [doi]
AB  - AIMS: To investigate the temporal pattern of appearance of a new psychoactive 
      substance (4-fluoroamphetamine) on the Dutch drug market, as well as its patterns 
      of use and effects. DESIGN: Data from the Drug Information and Monitoring System 
      (DIMS) was used to investigate the emergence of 4-fluoroamphetamine on the Dutch 
      drug market. An on-line questionnaire was used to study its patterns of use and 
      effects. SETTING: Dutch drug-related websites and social media. PARTICIPANTS: A 
      convenience sample of 249 life-time 4-fluoroamphetamine users was recruited 
      through the internet. MEASUREMENTS: Samples containing 4-fluoroamphetamine were 
      extracted from the DIMS database for further investigation. Patterns of use, 
      settings of use and the subjective effects of 4-fluoroamphetamine, amphetamine 
      and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) were investigated with the on-line 
      questionnaire. FINDINGS: 4-Fluoroamphetamine was first encountered on the Dutch 
      drug market, sold mainly as amphetamine or ecstasy (MDMA), between 2007 and 2009. 
      These misrepresented drug samples declined when the MDMA and amphetamine markets 
      recovered after a period of shortage, whereas purposefully bought 
      4-fluoroamphetamine samples showed an increase. Survey results showed that 
      4-fluoroamphetamine is used predominantly [77.1%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 
      72.0-82.3] for its specific effects, rather than its legal status (17.7%, 95% CI 
      = 10.7-22.1). The subjective effects of 4-fluoroamphetamine were compared with 
      those of amphetamine and MDMA. Subjective effect scores of 4-fluoroamphetamine 
      ranged between those of amphetamine and MDMA. CONCLUSIONS: The stimulant 
      4-fluoroamphetamine is increasingly popular in the Netherlands, which might be 
      due to its subjective effects profile, which lies intermediate between 
      amphetamine and MDMA.
CI  - (c) 2015 Society for the Study of Addiction.
FAU - Linsen, Felix
AU  - Linsen F
AD  - Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction (Trimbos Institute), Drug 
      Information and Monitoring System, Department of Drug Monitoring, Utrecht, the 
      Netherlands.
FAU - Koning, Raoul P J
AU  - Koning RP
AD  - Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction (Trimbos Institute), Drug 
      Information and Monitoring System, Department of Drug Monitoring, Utrecht, the 
      Netherlands.
FAU - van Laar, Margriet
AU  - van Laar M
AD  - Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction (Trimbos Institute), Drug 
      Information and Monitoring System, Department of Drug Monitoring, Utrecht, the 
      Netherlands.
FAU - Niesink, Raymond J M
AU  - Niesink RJ
AD  - Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction (Trimbos Institute), Drug 
      Information and Monitoring System, Department of Drug Monitoring, Utrecht, the 
      Netherlands.
FAU - Koeter, Maarten W
AU  - Koeter MW
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 
      Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
FAU - Brunt, Tibor M
AU  - Brunt TM
AD  - Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction (Trimbos Institute), Drug 
      Information and Monitoring System, Department of Drug Monitoring, Utrecht, the 
      Netherlands.
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 
      Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20150519
PL  - England
TA  - Addiction
JT  - Addiction (Abingdon, England)
JID - 9304118
RN  - 0 (Amphetamines)
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
RN  - 0 (Psychotropic Drugs)
RN  - KE1SEN21RM (N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
RN  - S5744XYR1Z (4-fluoroamphetamine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adolescent
MH  - Adult
MH  - Amphetamine-Related Disorders/*epidemiology
MH  - Amphetamines/adverse effects/*supply & distribution
MH  - Drug Users/*psychology
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Illicit Drugs/adverse effects/*supply & distribution
MH  - Male
MH  - N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/adverse effects/*supply & distribution
MH  - Netherlands
MH  - Psychotropic Drugs/adverse effects/*supply & distribution
MH  - Social Media
MH  - Surveys and Questionnaires
MH  - Young Adult
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - 4-fluoroamphetamine
OT  - Amphetamine
OT  - MDMA
OT  - new psychoactive substance
OT  - questionnaire
OT  - reported effects
EDAT- 2015/03/27 06:00
MHDA- 2016/12/15 06:00
CRDT- 2015/03/27 06:00
PHST- 2014/09/04 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2014/12/05 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2015/03/17 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2015/03/27 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2015/03/27 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2016/12/15 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1111/add.12932 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Addiction. 2015 Jul;110(7):1138-43. doi: 10.1111/add.12932. Epub 2015 May 19.