PMID- 25875862
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20160126
LR  - 20220330
IS  - 1932-6203 (Electronic)
IS  - 1932-6203 (Linking)
VI  - 10
IP  - 4
DP  - 2015
TI  - Subclinical depressive symptoms and continued cannabis use: predictors of 
      negative outcomes in first episode psychosis.
PG  - e0123707
LID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0123707 [doi]
LID - e0123707
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although depressive symptoms in first episode psychosis have been 
      associated with cannabis abuse, their influence on the long-term functional 
      course of FEP patients who abuse cannabis is unknown. The aims of the study were 
      to examine the influence of subclinical depressive symptoms on the long-term 
      outcome in first episode-psychosis patients who were cannabis users and to assess 
      the influence of these subclinical depressive symptoms on the ability to quit 
      cannabis use. METHODS: 64 FEP patients who were cannabis users at baseline were 
      followed-up for 5 years. Two groups were defined: (a) patients with subclinical 
      depressive symptoms at least once during follow-up (DPG), and (b) patients 
      without subclinical depressive symptoms during follow-up (NDPG). Psychotic 
      symptoms were measured using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), 
      depressive symptoms using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS)-17, and 
      psychosocial functioning was assessed using the Global Assessment of Functioning 
      (GAF). A linear mixed-effects model was used to analyze the combined influence of 
      cannabis use and subclinical depressive symptomatology on the clinical outcome. 
      RESULTS: Subclinical depressive symptoms were associated with continued abuse of 
      cannabis during follow-up (beta= 4.45; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.78 to 11.17; 
      P = .001) and with worse functioning (beta = -5.50; 95% CI: -9.02 to -0.33; P = 
      .009). CONCLUSIONS: Subclinical depressive symptoms and continued cannabis abuse 
      during follow-up could be predictors of negative outcomes in FEP patients.
FAU - Gonzalez-Ortega, Itxaso
AU  - Gonzalez-Ortega I
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Alava-Santiago, University of 
      the Basque Country, CIBERSAM, Vitoria, Spain.
FAU - Alberich, Susana
AU  - Alberich S
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Alava-Santiago, University of 
      the Basque Country, CIBERSAM, Vitoria, Spain.
FAU - Echeburua, Enrique
AU  - Echeburua E
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Alava-Santiago, University of 
      the Basque Country, CIBERSAM, Vitoria, Spain.
FAU - Aizpuru, Felipe
AU  - Aizpuru F
AD  - Araba Research Unit, Osakidetza, Vitoria, Spain.
FAU - Millan, Eduardo
AU  - Millan E
AD  - Direccion de Asistencia Sanitaria, Osakidetza, Vitoria, Spain.
FAU - Vieta, Eduard
AU  - Vieta E
AD  - Bipolar Disorders Program, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic, 
      University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain.
FAU - Matute, Carlos
AU  - Matute C
AD  - Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country, 
      CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain.
FAU - Gonzalez-Pinto, Ana
AU  - Gonzalez-Pinto A
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Alava-Santiago, University of 
      the Basque Country, CIBERSAM, Vitoria, Spain.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20150415
PL  - United States
TA  - PLoS One
JT  - PloS one
JID - 101285081
SB  - IM
MH  - Adolescent
MH  - Adult
MH  - Analysis of Variance
MH  - Depression/diagnosis/etiology/*psychology
MH  - Female
MH  - Follow-Up Studies
MH  - Humans
MH  - Logistic Models
MH  - Male
MH  - Marijuana Abuse/complications/*psychology
MH  - Middle Aged
MH  - Prognosis
MH  - Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
MH  - Psychotic Disorders/complications/*psychology
MH  - Socioeconomic Factors
MH  - Time Factors
MH  - Young Adult
PMC - PMC4398379
COIS- Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
EDAT- 2015/04/16 06:00
MHDA- 2016/01/27 06:00
PMCR- 2015/04/15
CRDT- 2015/04/16 06:00
PHST- 2014/12/10 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2015/03/06 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2015/04/16 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2015/04/16 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2016/01/27 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2015/04/15 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - PONE-D-14-53470 [pii]
AID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0123707 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - PLoS One. 2015 Apr 15;10(4):e0123707. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123707. 
      eCollection 2015.