PMID- 25877811 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20160129 LR - 20220408 IS - 1935-5548 (Electronic) IS - 0149-5992 (Linking) VI - 38 IP - 7 DP - 2015 Jul TI - Profile of the Immune and Inflammatory Response in Individuals With Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes. PG - 1356-64 LID - 10.2337/dc14-3008 [doi] AB - OBJECTIVE: The inflammatory and immune systems are altered in type 2 diabetes. Here, the aim was to profile the immune and inflammatory response in subjects with prediabetes and diabetes in a large population-representative sample. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In total, 15,010 individuals were analyzed from the population-based Gutenberg Health Study. Glucose status was classified according to HbA1c concentration and history of diagnosis. All samples were analyzed for white blood cells (WBCs), granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, platelets, C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin, fibrinogen, and hematocrit. Interleukin-18 (IL-18), IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), and neopterin concentrations were determined in a subcohort. RESULTS: In total, 7,584 men and 7,426 women were analyzed (range 35-74 years), with 1,425 and 1,299 having prediabetes and diabetes, respectively. Biomarkers showed varying dynamics from normoglycemic via subjects with prediabetes to subjects with diabetes: 1) gradual increase (WBCs, granulocytes, monocytes, IL-1RA, IL-18, and fibrinogen), 2) increase with subclinical disease only (lymphocytes and CRP), 3) increase from prediabetes to diabetes only (neopterin), and 4) no variation with glucose status (hematocrit). The strongest relative differences were found for CRP, IL-1RA, and fibrinogen concentrations. Several inflammatory and immune markers were associated with the glucose status independent from cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities, varied with disease severity and the presence of disease-specific complications in the diabetes subcohort. CONCLUSIONS: The inflammatory and immune biomarker profile varies with the development and progression of type 2 diabetes. Markers of inflammation and immunity enable differentiation between the early preclinical and clinical phases of the disease, disease complications, and progression. CI - (c) 2015 by the American Diabetes Association. Readers may use this article as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered. FAU - Grossmann, Vera AU - Grossmann V AD - Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany. FAU - Schmitt, Volker H AU - Schmitt VH AD - Department of Medicine 2, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany. FAU - Zeller, Tanja AU - Zeller T AD - Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Centre Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg, Lubeck, Kiel, Germany. FAU - Panova-Noeva, Marina AU - Panova-Noeva M AD - Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany. FAU - Schulz, Andreas AU - Schulz A AD - Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine 2, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany. FAU - Laubert-Reh, Dagmar AU - Laubert-Reh D AD - Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine 2, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany. FAU - Juenger, Claus AU - Juenger C AD - Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine 2, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany. FAU - Schnabel, Renate B AU - Schnabel RB AD - Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Centre Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg, Lubeck, Kiel, Germany. FAU - Abt, Tobias G J AU - Abt TG AD - Department of Medicine 2, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany. FAU - Laskowski, Rafael AU - Laskowski R AD - Department of Medicine 2, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany. FAU - Wiltink, Jorg AU - Wiltink J AD - Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany. FAU - Schulz, Eberhard AU - Schulz E AD - Department of Medicine 2, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany. FAU - Blankenberg, Stefan AU - Blankenberg S AD - Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Centre Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg, Lubeck, Kiel, Germany. FAU - Lackner, Karl J AU - Lackner KJ AD - Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany. FAU - Munzel, Thomas AU - Munzel T AD - Department of Medicine 2, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany. FAU - Wild, Philipp S AU - Wild PS AD - Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine 2, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany philipp.wild@unimedizin-mainz.de. LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Observational Study PT - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't DEP - 20150415 PL - United States TA - Diabetes Care JT - Diabetes care JID - 7805975 RN - 0 (Biomarkers) RN - 9007-41-4 (C-Reactive Protein) SB - IM MH - Adult MH - Aged MH - Biomarkers/*blood MH - C-Reactive Protein/metabolism MH - Cardiovascular Diseases/blood/complications/epidemiology/immunology MH - Comorbidity MH - Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/*blood/epidemiology/immunology MH - Disease Progression MH - Female MH - Humans MH - *Immunity MH - Inflammation/*blood/complications/epidemiology MH - Male MH - Middle Aged MH - Prediabetic State/*blood/epidemiology/immunology MH - Risk Factors EDAT- 2015/04/17 06:00 MHDA- 2016/01/30 06:00 CRDT- 2015/04/17 06:00 PHST- 2014/12/18 00:00 [received] PHST- 2015/03/14 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2015/04/17 06:00 [entrez] PHST- 2015/04/17 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2016/01/30 06:00 [medline] AID - dc14-3008 [pii] AID - 10.2337/dc14-3008 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Diabetes Care. 2015 Jul;38(7):1356-64. doi: 10.2337/dc14-3008. Epub 2015 Apr 15.