PMID- 25885026
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20151116
LR  - 20240322
IS  - 1471-2458 (Electronic)
IS  - 1471-2458 (Linking)
VI  - 15
DP  - 2015 Apr 15
TI  - A multiple case history and systematic review of adoption, diffusion, 
      implementation and impact of provincial daily physical activity policies in 
      Canadian schools.
PG  - 385
LID - 10.1186/s12889-015-1669-6 [doi]
LID - 385
AB  - BACKGROUND: Few children meet physical activity (PA) recommendations, and are 
      therefore at increased risk for overweight/obesity and adverse health outcomes. 
      To increase children's opportunities for PA, several Canadian provinces have 
      adopted school-based daily PA (DPA) policies. It is not clear why some 
      jurisdictions have adopted DPA policies, and others have not, nor whether these 
      policies have been implemented and have achieved their intended outcomes. The 
      purpose of this study was to understand the processes underlying adoption and 
      diffusion of Canadian DPA policies, and to review evidence regarding their 
      implementation and impact. METHODS: We adopted a multiple case history 
      methodology in which we traced the chronological trajectory of DPA policies among 
      Canadian provinces by compiling timelines detailing key historical events that 
      preceded policy adoption. Publicly available documents posted on the internet 
      were reviewed to characterize adopter innovativeness, describe the content of 
      their DPA policies, and explore the context surrounding policy adoption. 
      Diffusion of Innovations theory provided a conceptual framework for the analyses. 
      A systematic literature search identified studies that had investigated adoption, 
      diffusion, implementation or impact of Canadian DPA policies. RESULTS: Five of 
      Canada's 13 provinces and territories (38.5%) have DPA policies. Although the 
      underlying objectives of the policies are similar, there are clear differences 
      among them and in their various policy trajectories. Adoption and diffusion of 
      DPA policies were structured by the characteristics and capacities of adopters, 
      the nature of their policies, and contextual factors. Limited data suggests 
      implementation of DPA policies was moderate but inconsistent and that Canadian 
      DPA policies have had little to no impact on school-aged children's PA levels or 
      BMI. CONCLUSIONS: This study detailed the history and current status of Canadian 
      DPA policies, highlighting the conditional nature of policy adoption and 
      diffusion, and describing policy and adopter characteristics and political 
      contexts that shaped policy trajectories. An understanding of the conditions 
      associated with successful policy adoption and diffusion can help identify 
      receptive contexts in which to pioneer novel legislative initiatives to increase 
      PA among children. By reviewing evidence regarding policy implementation and 
      impact, this study can also inform amendments to existing, and development of 
      future PA policies.
FAU - Olstad, Dana Lee
AU  - Olstad DL
AD  - Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and 
      Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, 
      Australia. dana.olstad@deakin.edu.au.
FAU - Campbell, Elizabeth J
AU  - Campbell EJ
AD  - School of Public Health, 3-300 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, University of 
      Alberta, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada. ejcampbe@ualberta.ca.
FAU - Raine, Kim D
AU  - Raine KD
AD  - School of Public Health, 3-300 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, University of 
      Alberta, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada. kim.raine@ualberta.ca.
FAU - Nykiforuk, Candace I J
AU  - Nykiforuk CI
AD  - School of Public Health, 3-300 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, University of 
      Alberta, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada. 
      candace.nykiforuk@ualberta.ca.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Systematic Review
DEP - 20150415
PL  - England
TA  - BMC Public Health
JT  - BMC public health
JID - 100968562
SB  - IM
MH  - Canada
MH  - Child
MH  - Child Behavior
MH  - Curriculum
MH  - *Exercise
MH  - Female
MH  - *Health Policy
MH  - Humans
MH  - Male
MH  - Obesity/*prevention & control
MH  - Physical Education and Training/*organization & administration
MH  - School Health Services/*organization & administration
MH  - Schools/organization & administration
PMC - PMC4436021
EDAT- 2015/04/18 06:00
MHDA- 2015/11/17 06:00
PMCR- 2015/04/15
CRDT- 2015/04/18 06:00
PHST- 2014/12/09 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2015/03/19 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2015/04/18 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2015/04/18 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2015/11/17 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2015/04/15 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1186/s12889-015-1669-6 [pii]
AID - 1669 [pii]
AID - 10.1186/s12889-015-1669-6 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - BMC Public Health. 2015 Apr 15;15:385. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-1669-6.