PMID- 25982560 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20160329 LR - 20191210 IS - 1873-7544 (Electronic) IS - 0306-4522 (Linking) VI - 300 DP - 2015 Aug 6 TI - Relationships between diet-related changes in the gut microbiome and cognitive flexibility. PG - 128-40 LID - S0306-4522(15)00448-0 [pii] LID - 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.016 [doi] AB - Western diets are high in fat and sucrose and can influence behavior and gut microbiota. There is growing evidence that altering the microbiome can influence the brain and behavior. This study was designed to determine whether diet-induced changes in the gut microbiota could contribute to alterations in anxiety, memory or cognitive flexibility. Two-month-old, male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned high-fat (42% fat, 43% carbohydrate (CHO), high-sucrose (12% fat, 70% CHO (primarily sucrose) or normal chow (13% kcal fat, 62% CHO) diets. Fecal microbiome analysis, step-down latency, novel object and novel location tasks were performed prior to and 2weeks after diet change. Water maze testing for long- and short-term memory and cognitive flexibility was conducted during weeks 5-6 post-diet change. Some similarities in alterations in the microbiome were seen in both the high-fat and high-sucrose diets (e.g., increased Clostridiales), as compared to the normal diet, but the percentage decreases in Bacteroidales were greater in the high-sucrose diet mice. Lactobacillales was only significantly increased in the high-sucrose diet group and Erysipelotrichales was only significantly affected by the high-fat diet. The high-sucrose diet group was significantly impaired in early development of a spatial bias for long-term memory, short-term memory and reversal training, compared to mice on normal diet. An increased focus on the former platform position was seen in both high-sucrose and high-fat groups during the reversal probe trials. There was no significant effect of diet on step-down, exploration or novel recognitions. Higher percentages of Clostridiales and lower expression of Bacteroidales in high-energy diets were related to the poorer cognitive flexibility in the reversal trials. These results suggest that changes in the microbiome may contribute to cognitive changes associated with eating a Western diet. CI - Copyright (c) 2015 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. FAU - Magnusson, K R AU - Magnusson KR AD - Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA; Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Electronic address: Kathy.Magnusson@oregonstate.edu. FAU - Hauck, L AU - Hauck L AD - Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Electronic address: LauraLHauck@gmail.com. FAU - Jeffrey, B M AU - Jeffrey BM AD - Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Electronic address: jeffrebr@onid.orst.edu. FAU - Elias, V AU - Elias V AD - Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA; Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Electronic address: Valerie.Elias@oregonstate.edu. FAU - Humphrey, A AU - Humphrey A AD - Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Electronic address: a.humphrey7@gmail.com. FAU - Nath, R AU - Nath R AD - Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, School of Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Electronic address: rngero2010@gmail.com. FAU - Perrone, A AU - Perrone A AD - Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA; Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Electronic address: perronea@onid.orst.edu. FAU - Bermudez, L E AU - Bermudez LE AD - Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Electronic address: Luiz.Bermudez@oregonstate.edu. LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't PT - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. DEP - 20150514 PL - United States TA - Neuroscience JT - Neuroscience JID - 7605074 RN - 0 (Dietary Sucrose) SB - IM MH - Animal Feed MH - Animals MH - Body Weight MH - Cognition/*physiology MH - Diet, High-Fat/*adverse effects MH - Dietary Sucrose/*adverse effects MH - Eating MH - Executive Function/*physiology MH - Exploratory Behavior/physiology MH - Feces/microbiology MH - Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*physiology MH - Male MH - Maze Learning/physiology MH - Memory, Long-Term/physiology MH - Memory, Short-Term/physiology MH - Mice, Inbred C57BL MH - Neuropsychological Tests MH - Random Allocation MH - Recognition, Psychology/physiology MH - Reversal Learning/physiology MH - Spatial Memory/physiology OTO - NOTNLM OT - Bacteroidales OT - Clostridiales OT - Western diet OT - executive function OT - intestinal microbiota OT - sucrose EDAT- 2015/05/20 06:00 MHDA- 2016/03/30 06:00 CRDT- 2015/05/19 06:00 PHST- 2015/01/28 00:00 [received] PHST- 2015/04/10 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2015/05/06 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2015/05/19 06:00 [entrez] PHST- 2015/05/20 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2016/03/30 06:00 [medline] AID - S0306-4522(15)00448-0 [pii] AID - 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.016 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Neuroscience. 2015 Aug 6;300:128-40. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.016. Epub 2015 May 14.