PMID- 25996889 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20160509 LR - 20221207 IS - 1660-4601 (Electronic) IS - 1661-7827 (Print) IS - 1660-4601 (Linking) VI - 12 IP - 5 DP - 2015 May 19 TI - Ethnic differences in the prevalence of high homocysteine levels among low-income rural Kazakh and Uyghur adults in far western China and its implications for preventive public health. PG - 5373-85 LID - 10.3390/ijerph120505373 [doi] AB - OBJECTIVE: Homocysteine (Hcy) is a relevant biomarker of vascular disease: serum Hcy concentrations will increase the risk of systolic hypertension, whereas hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) has a synergistic effect with hypertension and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, information has primarily been gathered from high-income and urban settings, and little is known regarding low-income rural settings. This study focused on a low-income rural and nomadic minority residing in far western China. Hcy levels were tested, and the prevalences of HHcy and H-type hypertension were investigated in this population. METHODS: This study used a stratified cluster random sampling method, selecting 2,180 individuals as subjects from Kazakh and Uyghur inhabitants (>/=25 years old) of 18 villages in Xinjiang, China, which is approximately 4407 km from the capital, Beijing. Hcy levels were determined using a double reagent enzymatic cycling method. HHcy (Hcy > 10 mumol/L) was defined by the criteria of the American Heart Association. RESULTS: The Kazakh geometrical mean of Hcy was 13.34 mumol/L, and the Uyghur mean was 13.75 mumol/L; the mean values were higher in males than in females of both ethnicities (15.99 mumol/L vs. 11.63 mumol/L; 15.71 mumol/L vs. 11.91 mumol/L, respectively, p < 0.01). The serum levels of Hcy increased with increasing age in both ethnicities, and except for Kazakh individuals >65 years old, Hcy serum levels were higher in males than in females in all age groups of both ethnicities, with a p value less than 0.01. The Kazakh prevalence of HHcy was 80.0%, and the Uyghur prevalence was 78.2%; the male prevalence was higher than that in females for both ethnicities (93.5% vs. 69.6%; 90.8% vs. 64.6%, respectively, p < 0.05). Among the Kazakh, the prevalence of hypertension was 35.1%, and the prevalence was higher in males than in females (44.3% vs. 28.1%, p < 0.001); 87.6% of the Kazakh individuals had H-type hypertension, and the prevalence was higher in males than in females (95.0% vs. 80.0%, p < 0.05). In Uyghur, the prevalence of hypertension was 30.6%, and the prevalence was higher in males than in females (37.9% vs. 22.8%, p < 0.001); 88.0% of the Uyghur individuals had H-type hypertension, and the prevalence was higher in males than in females (93.9% vs. 79.1%, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: HHcy was found to be common among the Kazakh and Uyghur. The prevalences of HHcy and H-type hypertension were high among both ethnicities and differed depending on gender and age. Community interventions should be conducted to improve public health conditions among the Kazakh and Uyghur in Xinjiang. FAU - Guo, Shuxia AU - Guo S AD - Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Beier Road, Shihezi City, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 832000, China. pge888@sina.com. FAU - Pang, Hongrui AU - Pang H AD - Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Beier Road, Shihezi City, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 832000, China. 15909938133@163.com. FAU - Guo, Heng AU - Guo H AD - Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Beier Road, Shihezi City, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 832000, China. guoheng@shzu.edu.cn. FAU - Zhang, Mei AU - Zhang M AD - Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Beier Road, Shihezi City, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 832000, China. zmberry@foxmail.com. FAU - He, Jia AU - He J AD - Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Beier Road, Shihezi City, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 832000, China. hejia123.shihezi@163.com. FAU - Yan, Yizhong AU - Yan Y AD - Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Beier Road, Shihezi City, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 832000, China. erniu19880215@sina.com. FAU - Niu, Qiang AU - Niu Q AD - Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Beier Road, Shihezi City, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 832000, China. niuqiang1214@163.com. FAU - Muratbek AU - Muratbek AD - Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Beier Road, Shihezi City, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 832000, China. murat08123@163.com. FAU - Rui, Dongsheng AU - Rui D AD - Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Beier Road, Shihezi City, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 832000, China. ruidongsheng@gmail.com. FAU - Li, Shugang AU - Li S AD - Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Beier Road, Shihezi City, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 832000, China. lishugang@ymail.com. FAU - Ma, Rulin AU - Ma R AD - Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Beier Road, Shihezi City, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 832000, China. marulin@126.com. FAU - Zhang, Jingyu AU - Zhang J AD - Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Beier Road, Shihezi City, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 832000, China. yfyxxzjy@126.com. FAU - Liu, Jiaming AU - Liu J AD - Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Beier Road, Shihezi City, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 832000, China. liujiaming@shzu.edu.cn. FAU - Ding, Yusong AU - Ding Y AD - Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Beier Road, Shihezi City, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 832000, China. 13399931625@163.com. LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't DEP - 20150519 PL - Switzerland TA - Int J Environ Res Public Health JT - International journal of environmental research and public health JID - 101238455 RN - 0 (Biomarkers) RN - 0LVT1QZ0BA (Homocysteine) SB - IM MH - Adult MH - Aged MH - Aged, 80 and over MH - *Asian People MH - Biomarkers/blood MH - China/epidemiology MH - Female MH - Homocysteine/*blood MH - Humans MH - Hyperhomocysteinemia/blood/complications/diagnosis/*ethnology MH - Hypertension/blood/complications/diagnosis/*ethnology MH - Male MH - Middle Aged MH - *Poverty Areas MH - Prevalence MH - Public Health MH - Rural Health/*statistics & numerical data PMC - PMC4454973 OTO - NOTNLM OT - Kazakh OT - Uyghur OT - hypertension OT - prevalence OT - serum homocysteine EDAT- 2015/05/23 06:00 MHDA- 2016/05/10 06:00 PMCR- 2015/05/01 CRDT- 2015/05/22 06:00 PHST- 2015/01/20 00:00 [received] PHST- 2015/05/02 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2015/05/11 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2015/05/22 06:00 [entrez] PHST- 2015/05/23 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2016/05/10 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2015/05/01 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - ijerph120505373 [pii] AID - ijerph-12-05373 [pii] AID - 10.3390/ijerph120505373 [doi] PST - epublish SO - Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015 May 19;12(5):5373-85. doi: 10.3390/ijerph120505373.