PMID- 26074739
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20160111
LR  - 20191210
IS  - 1570-159X (Print)
IS  - 1875-6190 (Electronic)
IS  - 1570-159X (Linking)
VI  - 13
IP  - 1
DP  - 2015 Jan
TI  - Smart drugs and synthetic androgens for cognitive and physical enhancement: 
      revolving doors of cosmetic neurology.
PG  - 5-11
LID - 10.2174/1570159X13666141210221750 [doi]
AB  - Cognitive enhancement can be defined as the use of drugs and/or other means with 
      the aim to improve the cognitive functions of healthy subjects in particular 
      memory, attention, creativity and intelligence in the absence of any medical 
      indication. Currently, it represents one of the most debated topics in the 
      neuroscience community. Human beings always wanted to use substances to improve 
      their cognitive functions, from the use of hallucinogens in ancient civilizations 
      in an attempt to allow them to better communicate with their gods, to the 
      widespread use of caffeine under various forms (energy drinks, tablets, etc.), to 
      the more recent development of drugs such as stimulants and glutamate activators. 
      In the last ten years, increasing attention has been given to the use of 
      cognitive enhancers, but up to now there is still only a limited amount of 
      information concerning the use, effect and functioning of cognitive enhancement 
      in daily life on healthy subjects. The first aim of this paper was to review 
      current trends in the misuse of smart drugs (also known as Nootropics) presently 
      available on the market focusing in detail on methylphenidate, trying to evaluate 
      the potential risk in healthy individuals, especially teenagers and young adults. 
      Moreover, the authors have explored the issue of cognitive enhancement compared 
      to the use of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) in sports. Finally, a brief 
      overview of the ethical considerations surrounding human enhancement has been 
      examined.
FAU - Frati, Paola
AU  - Frati P
AD  - Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, 
      Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161, Rome, Italy; ; 
      Neuromed, Istituto Mediterraneo Neurologico (IRCCS), Via Atinense 18, Pozzilli, 
      86077 Isernia, Italy.
FAU - Kyriakou, Chrystalla
AU  - Kyriakou C
AD  - Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, 
      Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161, Rome, Italy;
FAU - Del Rio, Alessandro
AU  - Del Rio A
AD  - Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, 
      Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161, Rome, Italy;
FAU - Marinelli, Enrico
AU  - Marinelli E
AD  - Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, 
      Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161, Rome, Italy;
FAU - Vergallo, Gianluca Montanari
AU  - Vergallo GM
AD  - Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, 
      Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161, Rome, Italy;
FAU - Zaami, Simona
AU  - Zaami S
AD  - Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, 
      Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161, Rome, Italy;
FAU - Busardo, Francesco P
AU  - Busardo FP
AD  - Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, 
      Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161, Rome, Italy;
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
PL  - United Arab Emirates
TA  - Curr Neuropharmacol
JT  - Current neuropharmacology
JID - 101157239
RN  - 0 (Anabolic Agents)
RN  - 0 (Cosmetics)
RN  - 0 (Designer Drugs)
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
RN  - 0 (Nootropic Agents)
RN  - 0 (Testosterone Congeners)
SB  - IM
MH  - Anabolic Agents/chemistry/pharmacology
MH  - *Cosmetics
MH  - Designer Drugs/chemistry/*pharmacology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Illicit Drugs/chemistry/*pharmacology
MH  - Neuropharmacology/*trends
MH  - Nootropic Agents/chemistry/*pharmacology
MH  - Substance-Related Disorders
MH  - Testosterone Congeners/chemistry/*pharmacology
PMC - PMC4462043
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS)
OT  - Human enhancement
OT  - cosmetic neurology
OT  - methylphenidate
OT  - smart drugs
EDAT- 2015/06/16 06:00
MHDA- 2015/06/16 06:01
PMCR- 2015/07/01
CRDT- 2015/06/16 06:00
PHST- 2014/07/30 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2014/10/14 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2014/10/15 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2015/06/16 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2015/06/16 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2015/06/16 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2015/07/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - CN-13-5 [pii]
AID - 10.2174/1570159X13666141210221750 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Curr Neuropharmacol. 2015 Jan;13(1):5-11. doi: 10.2174/1570159X13666141210221750.