PMID- 26092309 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20160418 LR - 20150720 IS - 1873-2518 (Electronic) IS - 0264-410X (Linking) VI - 33 IP - 32 DP - 2015 Jul 31 TI - Systemic immune responses to an inactivated, whole H9N2 avian influenza virus vaccine using class B CpG oligonucleotides in chickens. PG - 3947-52 LID - S0264-410X(15)00832-4 [pii] LID - 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.043 [doi] AB - Commercial vaccines against avian influenza viruses (AIV) in chickens consist mainly of inactivated AIV, requiring parenteral administration and co-delivery of an adjuvant. Limitations in T helper 1 or T helper 2 biased responses generated by these vaccines emphasize the need for alternative, more efficacious adjuvants. The Toll-like receptor (TLR) 21 ligand, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN), has been established as immunomodulatory in chickens. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the adjuvant potential of high (20mug) and low (2mug) doses of CpG ODN 2007 (CpG 2007) and CpG ODN 1826 (CpG 1826) when administered to chickens with a formalin-inactivated H9N2 AIV. Antibody responses in sera were evaluated in 90 specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens after intramuscular administration of vaccine formulations at 7 and 21 days post-hatch. Antibody responses were assessed based on haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralization (VN) assays; virus-specific IgM and IgY antibody responses were evaluated by ELISA. The results suggest that the vaccine formulation containing low dose CpG 2007 was significantly more effective at generating neutralizing (both HI and VN) responses than formulations with high or low doses of CpG 1826 or high dose CpG 2007. Neutralizing responses elicited by low dose CpG 2007 significantly exceeded those generated by a squalene-based adjuvanted vaccine formulation during peak responses. A significantly higher IgM response was elicited by the formulation containing low dose CpG 2007 compared to high and low doses of 1826. Although the low dose of CpG 2007 elicited a higher IgY response than CpG 1826, the difference was not statistically significant. In conclusion, 2mug of CpG 2007 is potentially promising as a vaccine adjuvant when delivered intramuscularly with inactivated H9N2 virus to chickens. Future studies may be directed at determining the mucosal antibody responses to the same vaccine formulations. CI - Copyright (c) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. FAU - Singh, Shirene M AU - Singh SM AD - Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1. Electronic address: shirene@uoguelph.ca. FAU - Alkie, Tamiru N AU - Alkie TN AD - Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1. Electronic address: talkie@uoguelph.ca. FAU - Hodgins, Douglas C AU - Hodgins DC AD - Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1. Electronic address: dhodgins@uoguelph.ca. FAU - Nagy, Eva AU - Nagy E AD - Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1. Electronic address: enagy@uoguelph.ca. FAU - Shojadoost, Bahram AU - Shojadoost B AD - Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1. Electronic address: bshojadoost@uoguelph.ca. FAU - Sharif, Shayan AU - Sharif S AD - Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1. Electronic address: shayan@uoguelph.ca. LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't DEP - 20150616 PL - Netherlands TA - Vaccine JT - Vaccine JID - 8406899 RN - 0 (Adjuvants, Immunologic) RN - 0 (Antibodies, Neutralizing) RN - 0 (Antibodies, Viral) RN - 0 (CPG-oligonucleotide) RN - 0 (IgY) RN - 0 (Immunoglobulin M) RN - 0 (Immunoglobulins) RN - 0 (Influenza Vaccines) RN - 0 (Oligodeoxyribonucleotides) RN - 0 (Vaccines, Inactivated) SB - IM MH - Adjuvants, Immunologic/*administration & dosage MH - Animals MH - Antibodies, Neutralizing/*blood MH - Antibodies, Viral/*blood MH - Chickens MH - Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay MH - Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests MH - Immunoglobulin M/blood MH - Immunoglobulins/blood MH - Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/*immunology MH - Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage/*immunology MH - Influenza in Birds/immunology/*prevention & control/virology MH - Injections, Intramuscular MH - Neutralization Tests MH - Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/*administration & dosage MH - Treatment Outcome MH - Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage/immunology OTO - NOTNLM OT - Antibody response OT - Chickens OT - CpG oligodeoxynucleotides OT - ELISA OT - H9N2 subtype OT - Haemagglutination inhibition OT - Low pathogenic avian influenzavirus OT - Toll-like receptor 21 OT - Virus neutralization EDAT- 2015/06/21 06:00 MHDA- 2016/04/19 06:00 CRDT- 2015/06/21 06:00 PHST- 2015/04/04 00:00 [received] PHST- 2015/06/03 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2015/06/05 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2015/06/21 06:00 [entrez] PHST- 2015/06/21 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2016/04/19 06:00 [medline] AID - S0264-410X(15)00832-4 [pii] AID - 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.043 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Vaccine. 2015 Jul 31;33(32):3947-52. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.043. Epub 2015 Jun 16.