PMID- 26093223
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20160315
LR  - 20150828
IS  - 1879-1026 (Electronic)
IS  - 0048-9697 (Linking)
VI  - 532
DP  - 2015 Nov 1
TI  - Food safety in Thailand 2: Pesticide residues found in Chinese kale (Brassica 
      oleracea), a commonly consumed vegetable in Asian countries.
PG  - 447-55
LID - S0048-9697(15)30045-0 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.114 [doi]
AB  - There is increasing public concern over human health risks associated with 
      extensive use of pesticides in agriculture. Regulation of pesticide maximum 
      residue limits (MRLs) in food commodities is established in many developed 
      countries. For Thailand, this regulation exists in law but is not fully enforced. 
      Therefore, pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits have not been well 
      monitored. This study investigated the pesticide residues in Chinese kale, a 
      commonly eaten vegetable among Asians. The Chinese kale samples (N = 117) were 
      purchased from markets in Nakhon Pathom Province, Thailand, and analyzed for the 
      content of 28 pesticides. Analysis was performed by the multiresidual extraction 
      followed by GC-MS/MS. Of pesticides investigated, 12 pesticides were detected in 
      85% of the Chinese kale samples. Although carbaryl, deltamethrin, diazinon, 
      fenvalerate and malathion were found in some samples, their levels were lower 
      than their MRLs. However, in 34 samples tested, either carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, 
      chlorothalonil, cypermethrin, dimethoate, metalaxyl or profenofos was detected 
      exceeding their MRLs. This represents a 29% rate of pesticide detection above the 
      MRL; a rate much higher than in developed countries. Washing vegetables under 
      running water significantly reduced (p < 0.05) profenofos residues by 55%. The 
      running water method did not significantly decrease cypermethrin residues in the 
      samples but washing with vinegar did. Our research suggests that routine 
      monitoring of pesticide residues is necessary to reduce the public health risks 
      associated with eating contaminated vegetables. Washing vegetables before 
      consumption is advisable as this helps to reduce the level of pesticide residues 
      in our daily intake.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Wanwimolruk, Sompon
AU  - Wanwimolruk S
AD  - Center for Innovation Development and Technology Transfer, Faculty of Medical 
      Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand. Electronic address: 
      sompon-999@hotmail.com.
FAU - Kanchanamayoon, Onnicha
AU  - Kanchanamayoon O
AD  - Center for Innovation Development and Technology Transfer, Faculty of Medical 
      Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
FAU - Phopin, Kamonrat
AU  - Phopin K
AD  - Center for Innovation Development and Technology Transfer, Faculty of Medical 
      Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; Department of Clinical 
      Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol 
      University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
FAU - Prachayasittikul, Virapong
AU  - Prachayasittikul V
AD  - Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical 
      Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20150618
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Sci Total Environ
JT  - The Science of the total environment
JID - 0330500
RN  - 0 (Pesticide Residues)
RN  - 0 (Pesticides)
SB  - IM
MH  - Brassica/*chemistry
MH  - Environmental Exposure/*analysis/statistics & numerical data
MH  - Food Contamination/*analysis/statistics & numerical data
MH  - Humans
MH  - Pesticide Residues/*analysis
MH  - Pesticides/analysis
MH  - Thailand
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Chinese kale
OT  - Food safety
OT  - Pesticide residues
OT  - Pesticides
OT  - Vegetable
EDAT- 2015/06/21 06:00
MHDA- 2016/03/16 06:00
CRDT- 2015/06/21 06:00
PHST- 2014/09/09 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2015/04/20 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2015/04/28 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2015/06/21 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2015/06/21 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2016/03/16 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0048-9697(15)30045-0 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.114 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Sci Total Environ. 2015 Nov 1;532:447-55. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.114. 
      Epub 2015 Jun 18.