PMID- 26093315
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20160517
LR  - 20161125
IS  - 1879-0003 (Electronic)
IS  - 0141-8130 (Linking)
VI  - 79
DP  - 2015 Aug
TI  - Immunostimulatory polysaccharide isolated from the leaves of Diospyros kaki Thumb 
      modulate macrophage via TLR2.
PG  - 971-82
LID - S0141-8130(15)00426-2 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.06.023 [doi]
AB  - The objective of this study was to investigate the immunostimulatory effects of a 
      polysaccharide fraction from the leaves of Diospyros kaki Thumb (PLE0) and the 
      molecular mechanism responsible for its action in RAW 264.7 macrophages as well 
      as in vivo effects on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in mice. PLE0 
      concentration-dependently activated the expressions of inducible nitric oxide 
      synthase (iNOS) at the protein and mRNA levels and its promoter activity, and 
      that these activations caused attendant increases the nitric oxide (NO) 
      production. In addition, PLE0 increased the mRNA expressions of tumor necrosis 
      factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and IL-6. Molecular data revealed that 
      PLE0 increased the transcriptional activity and nuclear translocation of nuclear 
      factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) by inducing the degradation of inhibitory kappaBalpha (IkappaBalpha) and the 
      phosphorylation of inhibitory kappaB kinase (IKK). Moreover, anti-toll-like receptor 
      2 (TLR2) antibody and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 
      (MyD88)-specific siRNA significantly reduce PLE0-induced NO production in RAW 
      264.7 macrophages. Pretreatment with PLE0 recovered cyclophosphamide-induced 
      reductions in thymus and spleen indices as well as neutrophil counts. Taken 
      together, our data suggest that PLE0 up-regulates the expressions of iNOS, TNF-alpha, 
      IL-1beta, and IL-6 genes by activating TLR2-mediated NF-kappaB activations, and that 
      these actions are responsible for its immunostimulatory effects.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Lee, Suel-Gie
AU  - Lee SG
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee 
      University, Seoul 130-710, Republic of Korea; Department of Life and 
      Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-710, Republic of 
      Korea.
FAU - Jung, Ji-Yun
AU  - Jung JY
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee 
      University, Seoul 130-710, Republic of Korea; Department of Life and 
      Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-710, Republic of 
      Korea.
FAU - Shin, Ji-Sun
AU  - Shin JS
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee 
      University, Seoul 130-710, Republic of Korea; Reactive Oxygen Species Medical 
      Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-710, 
      Republic of Korea.
FAU - Shin, Kwang-Soon
AU  - Shin KS
AD  - Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon, 
      Gyeonggi-do 443-760, Republic of Korea.
FAU - Cho, Chang-Won
AU  - Cho CW
AD  - Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 463-836, Republic of Korea.
FAU - Rhee, Young-Kyoung
AU  - Rhee YK
AD  - Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 463-836, Republic of Korea.
FAU - Hong, Hee-Do
AU  - Hong HD
AD  - Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 463-836, Republic of Korea.
FAU - Lee, Kyung-Tae
AU  - Lee KT
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee 
      University, Seoul 130-710, Republic of Korea; Department of Life and 
      Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-710, Republic of 
      Korea. Electronic address: ktlee@khu.ac.kr.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20150617
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Int J Biol Macromol
JT  - International journal of biological macromolecules
JID - 7909578
RN  - 0 (I-kappa B Proteins)
RN  - 0 (Immunologic Factors)
RN  - 0 (Nfkbia protein, mouse)
RN  - 0 (Polysaccharides)
RN  - 0 (Tlr2 protein, mouse)
RN  - 0 (Toll-Like Receptor 2)
RN  - 0 (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha)
RN  - 139874-52-5 (NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha)
RN  - EC 1.14.13.39 (Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Diospyros/chemistry
MH  - Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
MH  - I-kappa B Proteins/biosynthesis
MH  - Immunologic Factors/genetics/*immunology/*isolation & purification/pharmacology
MH  - Macrophages/*drug effects/immunology
MH  - Mice
MH  - NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha
MH  - Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/biosynthesis
MH  - Plant Leaves/chemistry
MH  - Polysaccharides/genetics/*immunology/isolation & purification/pharmacology
MH  - Signal Transduction/drug effects
MH  - Toll-Like Receptor 2/biosynthesis/*genetics
MH  - Transcriptional Activation/drug effects
MH  - Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Immunostimulatory effects
OT  - Polysaccharide
OT  - Toll-like receptor 2
EDAT- 2015/06/21 06:00
MHDA- 2016/05/18 06:00
CRDT- 2015/06/21 06:00
PHST- 2015/04/20 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2015/05/28 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2015/06/14 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2015/06/21 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2015/06/21 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2016/05/18 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0141-8130(15)00426-2 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.06.023 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Int J Biol Macromol. 2015 Aug;79:971-82. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.06.023. 
      Epub 2015 Jun 17.