PMID- 26114997
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20161213
LR  - 20161230
IS  - 1555-0273 (Electronic)
IS  - 1555-0265 (Linking)
VI  - 11
IP  - 2
DP  - 2016 Mar
TI  - Oral Presence of Carbohydrate and Caffeine in Chewing Gum: Independent and 
      Combined Effects on Endurance Cycling Performance.
PG  - 164-71
LID - 10.1123/ijspp.2015-0133 [doi]
AB  - The oral presence of carbohydrate (CHO) and caffeine (CAF) may independently 
      enhance exercise performance, but their influence on performance during prolonged 
      exercise is less known. AIM: To determine the independent and combined effects of 
      CHO and CAF administered in chewing gum during a cycling time trial (TT) after 
      prolonged exercise. METHOD: Eleven male cyclists (32.2 +/- 7.5 y, 74.3 +/- 6.8 kg, 
      60.2 +/- 4.0 mL . kg-1 . min-1 VO2peak) performed 4 experimental trials consisting 
      of 90-min constant-load cycling at 80% of their second ventilatory threshold (207 
      +/- 30 W), followed immediately by a 20-km TT. Under double-blinded conditions, 
      cyclists received placebo (PLA), CHO, CAF, or a combined CHO+CAF chewing gum at 
      0-, 5-, 10-, and 15-km points of the TT. RESULTS: Overall TT performance was 
      similar across experimental and PLA trials (%mean difference +/- 90%CL 0.2% +/- 2.0%, 
      0.4% +/- 2.2%, 0.1% +/- 1.8% for CHO, CAF, and CHO+CAF). Compared with PLA, mean 
      power output tended to be higher in the first 2 quarters of the TT with CHO (1.6% 
      +/- 3.1% and 0.8% +/- 2.0%) and was substantially improved in the last 2 quarters 
      during CAF and CHO+CAF trials (4.2% +/- 3.0% and 2.0% +/- 1.8%). There were no 
      differences in average heart rate (ES <0.2) and only small changes in blood 
      glucose (ES 0.2), which were unrelated to performance. Blood lactate was 
      substantially higher post-TT for CAF and CHO+CAF (ES >0.6). CONCLUSION: After 
      prolonged constant-load cycling, the oral presence of CHO and CAF in chewing gum, 
      independently or in combination, did not improve overall performance but did 
      influence pacing.
FAU - Oberlin-Brown, Katherine T
AU  - Oberlin-Brown KT
AD  - High Performance Sport New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand.
FAU - Siegel, Rodney
AU  - Siegel R
FAU - Kilding, Andrew E
AU  - Kilding AE
FAU - Laursen, Paul B
AU  - Laursen PB
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20150624
PL  - United States
TA  - Int J Sports Physiol Perform
JT  - International journal of sports physiology and performance
JID - 101276430
RN  - 0 (Blood Glucose)
RN  - 0 (Chewing Gum)
RN  - 0 (Dietary Carbohydrates)
RN  - 33X04XA5AT (Lactic Acid)
RN  - 3G6A5W338E (Caffeine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Athletic Performance/*physiology
MH  - Bicycling/*physiology
MH  - Blood Glucose
MH  - Caffeine/*administration & dosage
MH  - *Chewing Gum
MH  - Cross-Over Studies
MH  - Dietary Carbohydrates/*administration & dosage
MH  - Double-Blind Method
MH  - Heart Rate
MH  - Humans
MH  - Lactic Acid/blood
MH  - Male
MH  - Physical Endurance/*drug effects
EDAT- 2015/06/27 06:00
MHDA- 2016/12/15 06:00
CRDT- 2015/06/27 06:00
PHST- 2015/06/27 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2015/06/27 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2016/12/15 06:00 [medline]
AID - 2015-0133 [pii]
AID - 10.1123/ijspp.2015-0133 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2016 Mar;11(2):164-71. doi: 
      10.1123/ijspp.2015-0133. Epub 2015 Jun 24.