PMID- 26122855
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20151016
LR  - 20191210
IS  - 1873-3778 (Electronic)
IS  - 0021-9673 (Linking)
VI  - 1406
DP  - 2015 Aug 7
TI  - Analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and emerging halogenated and 
      organophosphate flame retardants in human hair and nails.
PG  - 251-7
LID - S0021-9673(15)00819-5 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.003 [doi]
AB  - A method for the digestion, extraction, fractionation, and analysis of three 
      classes of flame retardants, including 36 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 
      9 halogenated alternative flame retardants (AFRs), and 12 organophosphate esters 
      (OPEs) in human hair and nail samples was developed. The method employed 
      HNO3/H2O2 digestion, liquid-liquid extraction with (4:1 vol) 
      hexane:dichloromethane, fractionation on a 6g column of 2.5% water deactivated 
      Florisil, and analysis by gas chromatographic mass spectrometry. The accuracy and 
      precision of the method was validated using spiked samples of 6 replicates for 
      both hair and nail samples. The method validation results showed good accuracy 
      and precision for all PBDEs except BDE-209, all AFRs except hexabromobenzene 
      (HBB), and all of the 12 OPEs, with average recovery efficiencies>90% and 
      relative standard deviations (RSDs)<10%. The average recovery efficiencies for 
      HBB were between 60% and 86%, with RSDs<10%. BDE-209 had recovery efficiencies of 
      64% (RSD, 13%) for hair and 71% (RSD, 10%) for nail. This method was applied to 
      analyze 5 human hair and 5 fingernail samples from the general student population 
      at Indiana University Bloomington campus. BDE-47 and BDE-99 were the predominant 
      PBDEs detected in both hair and nail samples, with a concentration range of 
      11-620 and 4.6-780ng/g (dry weight) in hair and 7.3-43 and 2.1-11ng/g in nails, 
      respectively. Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) and 
      2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) were detected in all the samples, 
      with concentrations of 20-240 and 11-350ng/g in hair and <17-80 and <9.2-71ng/g 
      in nails, respectively. Among the 12 OPEs analyzed, tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate 
      (TCEP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TCIPP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) 
      phosphate (TDCIPP), and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) were most often detected. The 
      concentrations of these OPEs (summed together) were 1100-3900 and 380-18,000ng/g 
      in hair and nails, respectively. These levels exceed those of both the PBDEs and 
      the AFRs.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Liu, Liang-Ying
AU  - Liu LY
AD  - School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 
      47405, United States.
FAU - Salamova, Amina
AU  - Salamova A
AD  - School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 
      47405, United States.
FAU - He, Ka
AU  - He K
AD  - School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United 
      States.
FAU - Hites, Ronald A
AU  - Hites RA
AD  - School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 
      47405, United States. Electronic address: HitesR@Indiana.edu.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Validation Study
DEP - 20150609
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - J Chromatogr A
JT  - Journal of chromatography. A
JID - 9318488
RN  - 0 (Flame Retardants)
RN  - 0 (Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers)
RN  - 0 (Organophosphates)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Chemistry Techniques, Analytical
MH  - Flame Retardants/*analysis
MH  - Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
MH  - Hair/*chemistry
MH  - Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/*analysis
MH  - Halogenation
MH  - Humans
MH  - Liquid-Liquid Extraction
MH  - Nails/*chemistry
MH  - Organophosphates/analysis
MH  - Sensitivity and Specificity
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Alternative flame retardants
OT  - Biomonitoring
OT  - Gas chromatographic mass spectrometry
OT  - Human hair and nail
OT  - Organophosphate ester flame retardants
OT  - Polybrominated diphenyl ethers
EDAT- 2015/07/01 06:00
MHDA- 2015/10/17 06:00
CRDT- 2015/07/01 06:00
PHST- 2015/03/02 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2015/05/29 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2015/06/01 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2015/07/01 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2015/07/01 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2015/10/17 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0021-9673(15)00819-5 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.003 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Chromatogr A. 2015 Aug 7;1406:251-7. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.003. Epub 
      2015 Jun 9.