PMID- 26166007
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20160404
LR  - 20150826
IS  - 1744-7623 (Electronic)
IS  - 1472-8214 (Linking)
VI  - 20
IP  - 3
DP  - 2015 Sep
TI  - Emerging drugs for antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia: investigational 
      drugs in Phase II and Phase III clinical trials.
PG  - 407-21
LID - 10.1517/14728214.2015.1050376 [doi]
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Antipsychotic drugs (APs) represent the mainstay of treatment for 
      schizophrenia and other forms of psychosis. Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a motor 
      disorder associated with the ongoing use of APs and is characterized by 
      involuntary, repetitive movements that are potentially irreversible. Current 
      treatment is wanting, due in part to our limited understanding of the mechanisms 
      underlying TD. AREAS COVERED: Risk of TD associated with APs appears linked to 
      continuous blockade of dopamine D2 receptors in the basal ganglia. Proposed 
      mechanisms include increased dopamine activation of D2 receptors caused by 
      supersensitivity and neurodegeneration of dopamine-producing neurons due to 
      biochemical changes incurred by ongoing AP exposure. Existing treatments are 
      designed to reverse or prevent the neurochemical/biological changes caused by 
      dopamine D2 receptor blockade and include vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) 
      inhibitors, antioxidants, compounds with serotonin receptor agonism as well as 
      antagonism, GABA agonists and cholinergic agents. Randomized, controlled trials 
      in Phase II and Phase III (ClinicalTrials.org/ClinicalTrialsRegister.eu) are 
      summarized and discussed. EXPERT OPINION: Effective adjunctive treatment for the 
      symptoms of TD will depend on gaining a better understanding of the neurological 
      changes induced by chronic dopamine D2 receptor antagonism from APs.
FAU - Lockwood, Jonathan Tomas
AU  - Lockwood JT
AD  - a Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Schizophrenia Division, Complex 
      Mental Illness Program , 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada +1 
      416 535 8501 Ext. 34864 (Connie) ; +1 416 979 4292 ; gary.remington@camh.ca.
FAU - Remington, Gary
AU  - Remington G
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20150715
PL  - England
TA  - Expert Opin Emerg Drugs
JT  - Expert opinion on emerging drugs
JID - 101135662
RN  - 0 (Antipsychotic Agents)
RN  - 0 (Drugs, Investigational)
RN  - 0 (Receptors, Dopamine D2)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Antipsychotic Agents/*adverse effects/therapeutic use
MH  - Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic
MH  - Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic
MH  - Drugs, Investigational/pharmacology/*therapeutic use
MH  - Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/*drug therapy/etiology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Psychotic Disorders/drug therapy
MH  - Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
MH  - Receptors, Dopamine D2/drug effects/metabolism
MH  - Schizophrenia/drug therapy
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Phase II
OT  - Phase III
OT  - antipsychotic side effects
OT  - investigational drugs
OT  - pharmacotherapy
OT  - tardive dyskinesia
EDAT- 2015/07/15 06:00
MHDA- 2016/04/05 06:00
CRDT- 2015/07/14 06:00
PHST- 2015/07/14 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2015/07/15 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2016/04/05 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1517/14728214.2015.1050376 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2015 Sep;20(3):407-21. doi: 
      10.1517/14728214.2015.1050376. Epub 2015 Jul 15.