PMID- 26287616
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20160518
LR  - 20181113
IS  - 1932-6203 (Electronic)
IS  - 1932-6203 (Linking)
VI  - 10
IP  - 8
DP  - 2015
TI  - Concentration, Size Distribution, and Infectivity of Airborne Particles Carrying 
      Swine Viruses.
PG  - e0135675
LID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0135675 [doi]
LID - e0135675
AB  - When pathogens become airborne, they travel associated with particles of 
      different size and composition. Particle size determines the distance across 
      which pathogens can be transported, as well as the site of deposition and the 
      survivability of the pathogen. Despite the importance of this information, the 
      size distribution of particles bearing viruses emitted by infectious animals 
      remains unknown. In this study we characterized the concentration and size 
      distribution of inhalable particles that transport influenza A virus (IAV), 
      porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and porcine epidemic 
      diarrhea virus (PEDV) generated by acutely infected pigs and assessed virus 
      viability for each particle size range. Aerosols from experimentally infected 
      pigs were sampled for 24 days using an Andersen cascade impactor able to separate 
      particles by size (ranging from 0.4 to 10 micrometer (mum) in diameter). Air 
      samples collected for the first 9, 20 and the last 3 days of the study were 
      analyzed for IAV, PRRSV and PEDV, respectively, using quantitative reverse 
      transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and quantified as geometric mean 
      copies/m(3) within each size range. IAV was detected in all particle size ranges 
      in quantities ranging from 5.5x10(2) (in particles ranging from 1.1 to 2.1 mum) to 
      4.3x10(5) RNA copies/m(3) in the largest particles (9.0-10.0 mum). PRRSV was 
      detected in all size ranges except particles between 0.7 and 2.1 mum in quantities 
      ranging from 6x10(2) (0.4-0.7 mum) to 5.1x10(4) RNA copies/m(3) (9.0-10.0 mum). 
      PEDV, an enteric virus, was detected in all particle sizes and in higher 
      quantities than IAV and PRRSV (p < 0.0001) ranging from 1.3x10(6) (0.4-0.7 mum) to 
      3.5x10(8) RNA copies/m(3) (9.0-10.0 mum). Infectious status was demonstrated for 
      the 3 viruses, and in the case of IAV and PRRSV, viruses were isolated from 
      particles larger than 2.1 mum. In summary, our results indicated that airborne 
      PEDV, IAV and PRRSV can be found in a wide range of particle sizes. However, 
      virus viability is particle size dependent.
FAU - Alonso, Carmen
AU  - Alonso C
AD  - Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, 
      University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of 
      America.
FAU - Raynor, Peter C
AU  - Raynor PC
AD  - Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of 
      Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America.
FAU - Davies, Peter R
AU  - Davies PR
AD  - Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, 
      University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of 
      America.
FAU - Torremorell, Montserrat
AU  - Torremorell M
AD  - Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, 
      University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of 
      America.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20150819
PL  - United States
TA  - PLoS One
JT  - PloS one
JID - 101285081
RN  - 0 (Aerosols)
RN  - 0 (Particulate Matter)
RN  - 0 (RNA, Viral)
SB  - IM
MH  - Aerosols
MH  - Air Microbiology
MH  - Animals
MH  - Coronavirus Infections/transmission/virology
MH  - Influenza A virus/*isolation & purification
MH  - Microbial Viability
MH  - Orthomyxoviridae Infections/transmission/virology
MH  - *Particle Size
MH  - Particulate Matter/*adverse effects
MH  - Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome/transmission/virology
MH  - Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus/*isolation & purification
MH  - Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus/*isolation & purification
MH  - RNA, Viral/genetics
MH  - Swine
MH  - Swine Diseases/virology
MH  - Viral Load
PMC - PMC4545937
COIS- Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
EDAT- 2015/08/20 06:00
MHDA- 2016/05/19 06:00
PMCR- 2015/08/19
CRDT- 2015/08/20 06:00
PHST- 2015/07/01 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2015/07/26 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2015/08/20 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2015/08/20 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2016/05/19 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2015/08/19 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - PONE-D-15-27551 [pii]
AID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0135675 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - PLoS One. 2015 Aug 19;10(8):e0135675. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135675. 
      eCollection 2015.