PMID- 26298464
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20161103
LR  - 20171212
IS  - 1432-0703 (Electronic)
IS  - 0090-4341 (Linking)
VI  - 70
IP  - 1
DP  - 2016 Jan
TI  - Persistent Organic Pollutant Determination in Killer Whale Scat Samples: 
      Optimization of a Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Method and Application to 
      Field Samples.
PG  - 9-19
LID - 10.1007/s00244-015-0218-8 [doi]
AB  - Biologic sample collection in wild cetacean populations is challenging. Most 
      information on toxicant levels is obtained from blubber biopsy samples; however, 
      sample collection is invasive and strictly regulated under permit, thus limiting 
      sample numbers. Methods are needed to monitor toxicant levels that increase 
      temporal and repeat sampling of individuals for population health and recovery 
      models. The objective of this study was to optimize measuring trace levels (parts 
      per billion) of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), namely 
      polychlorinated-biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated-diphenyl-ethers (PBDEs), 
      dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), and hexachlorocyclobenzene, in killer 
      whale scat (fecal) samples. Archival scat samples, initially collected, 
      lyophilized, and extracted with 70 % ethanol for hormone analyses, were used to 
      analyze POP concentrations. The residual pellet was extracted and analyzed using 
      gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Method detection limits ranged 
      from 11 to 125 ng/g dry weight. The described method is suitable for p,p'-DDE, 
      PCBs-138, 153, 180, and 187, and PBDEs-47 and 100; other POPs were below the 
      limit of detection. We applied this method to 126 scat samples collected from 
      Southern Resident killer whales. Scat samples from 22 adult whales also had known 
      POP concentrations in blubber and demonstrated significant correlations (p < 
      0.01) between matrices across target analytes. Overall, the scat toxicant 
      measures matched previously reported patterns from blubber samples of decreased 
      levels in reproductive-age females and a decreased p,p'-DDE/ summation operatorPCB ratio in J-pod. 
      Measuring toxicants in scat samples provides an unprecedented opportunity to 
      noninvasively evaluate contaminant levels in wild cetacean populations; these 
      data have the prospect to provide meaningful information for vital management 
      decisions.
FAU - Lundin, Jessica I
AU  - Lundin JI
AD  - Department of Biology, Center for Conservation Biology, University of Washington, 
      Box 351800, Seattle, WA, USA. jlundin2@uw.edu.
FAU - Dills, Russell L
AU  - Dills RL
AD  - Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of 
      Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
FAU - Ylitalo, Gina M
AU  - Ylitalo GM
AD  - Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National 
      Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA.
FAU - Hanson, M Bradley
AU  - Hanson MB
AD  - Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National 
      Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA.
FAU - Emmons, Candice K
AU  - Emmons CK
AD  - Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National 
      Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA.
FAU - Schorr, Gregory S
AU  - Schorr GS
AD  - Cascadia Research Collective, Olympia, WA, USA.
FAU - Ahmad, Jacqui
AU  - Ahmad J
AD  - Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of 
      Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
FAU - Hempelmann, Jennifer A
AU  - Hempelmann JA
AD  - Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National 
      Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA.
FAU - Parsons, Kim M
AU  - Parsons KM
AD  - Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National 
      Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA.
AD  - National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National 
      Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 
      Seattle, WA, USA.
FAU - Wasser, Samuel K
AU  - Wasser SK
AD  - Department of Biology, Center for Conservation Biology, University of Washington, 
      Box 351800, Seattle, WA, USA.
LA  - eng
GR  - P30ES007033/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
DEP - 20150823
PL  - United States
TA  - Arch Environ Contam Toxicol
JT  - Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology
JID - 0357245
RN  - 0 (Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
RN  - 4M7FS82U08 (Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene)
RN  - DFC2HB4I0K (Polychlorinated Biphenyls)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene/analysis
MH  - *Environmental Monitoring
MH  - Feces/*chemistry
MH  - Female
MH  - Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
MH  - Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/analysis
MH  - Male
MH  - Polychlorinated Biphenyls/analysis
MH  - Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis
MH  - *Whale, Killer
EDAT- 2015/08/25 06:00
MHDA- 2016/11/04 06:00
CRDT- 2015/08/24 06:00
PHST- 2015/01/24 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2015/08/07 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2015/08/24 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2015/08/25 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2016/11/04 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1007/s00244-015-0218-8 [pii]
AID - 10.1007/s00244-015-0218-8 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2016 Jan;70(1):9-19. doi: 10.1007/s00244-015-0218-8. 
      Epub 2015 Aug 23.