PMID- 26343924
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20160503
LR  - 20220408
IS  - 1873-3492 (Electronic)
IS  - 0009-8981 (Linking)
VI  - 450
DP  - 2015 Oct 23
TI  - Homocysteine in ocular diseases.
PG  - 316-21
LID - S0009-8981(15)00416-7 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.cca.2015.09.007 [doi]
AB  - Homocysteine (Hcy) is a derived sulfur-containing and non-proteinogenic amino 
      acid. The metabolism of Hcy occurs either through the remethylation to methionine 
      or transsulfuration to cysteine. Studies have identified hyperhomocysteinemia 
      (HHcy) as one of the possible risk factors for a multitude of diseases including 
      vascular, neurodegenerative and ocular diseases. Association of HHcy with eye 
      diseases such as retinopathy, pseudoexfoliative glaucoma maculopathy, cataract, 
      optic atrophy and retinal vessel atherosclerosis is established. The molecular 
      mechanism underlying these ocular diseases has been reported as impaired vascular 
      endothelial function, apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells, extracellular matrix 
      alterations, decreased lysyl oxidase activity and oxidative stress. The formed 
      homocysteine-thiolactone in HHcy has stronger cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory 
      properties which can induce lens opacification and optic nerve damage. The 
      metabolism of Hcy requires enzymes with vitamins such as folic acid, vitamins B12 
      and B6. Despite the mixed conclusion of various studies regarding the level of 
      these vitamins in elder people, studies recommended the treatment with folate and 
      B12 to reduce Hcy levels in subjects with or without any defect in the enzymes 
      involved in its metabolism. The levels of Hcy, folate, B6 as well as B12 should 
      be measured early in patients with visual impairment that would aid to screen 
      patients for life-threatening disorders related with HHcy. Elder patients may 
      supplement with these vitamins in order to attenuate the ocular damages. This 
      article discusses the association of Hcy in ocular diseases and the possible 
      mechanism in the pathogenesis.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Ajith, Thekkuttuparambil Ananthanarayanan
AU  - Ajith TA
AD  - Department of Biochemistry, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Amala nagar, 
      Thrissur, 680 555, Kerala, India. Electronic address: taajith@rediffmail.com.
FAU - Ranimenon
AU  - Ranimenon
AD  - Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Ranimenon's Eye Clinic, Thrissur, 680 003 
      Kerala, India. Electronic address: ranimenon8888@gmail.com.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20150904
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Clin Chim Acta
JT  - Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry
JID - 1302422
RN  - 0LVT1QZ0BA (Homocysteine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - *Eye Diseases/complications/metabolism
MH  - *Homocysteine/metabolism
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hyperhomocysteinemia/complications/prevention & control
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Cataract
OT  - Diabetic retinopathy
OT  - Folate
OT  - Glaucoma
OT  - Hyperhomocysteinemia
OT  - Visual impairment
OT  - Vitamin B12
EDAT- 2015/09/08 06:00
MHDA- 2016/05/04 06:00
CRDT- 2015/09/08 06:00
PHST- 2015/07/30 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2015/09/01 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2015/09/03 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2015/09/08 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2015/09/08 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2016/05/04 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0009-8981(15)00416-7 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.cca.2015.09.007 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Clin Chim Acta. 2015 Oct 23;450:316-21. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.09.007. Epub 2015 
      Sep 4.