PMID- 26400092
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20160307
LR  - 20190108
IS  - 1477-9129 (Electronic)
IS  - 0950-1991 (Print)
IS  - 0950-1991 (Linking)
VI  - 142
IP  - 21
DP  - 2015 Nov 1
TI  - microRNA-31 modulates skeletal patterning in the sea urchin embryo.
PG  - 3769-80
LID - 10.1242/dev.127969 [doi]
AB  - MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that repress the translation and 
      reduce the stability of target mRNAs in animal cells. microRNA-31 (miR-31) is 
      known to play a role in cancer, bone formation and lymphatic development. 
      However, studies to understand the function of miR-31 in embryogenesis have been 
      limited. We examined the regulatory role of miR-31 in early development using the 
      sea urchin as a model. miR-31 is expressed at all stages of development and its 
      knockdown (KD) disrupts the patterning and function of primary mesenchyme cells 
      (PMCs), which form the embryonic skeleton spicules. We identified that miR-31 
      directly represses Pmar1, Alx1, Snail and VegfR7 within the PMC gene regulatory 
      network using reporter constructs. Further, blocking the miR-31-mediated 
      repression of Alx1 and/or VegfR7 in the developing embryo resulted in defects in 
      PMC patterning and skeletogenesis. The majority of the mislocalized PMCs in 
      miR-31 KD embryos did not express VegfR10, indicating that miR-31 regulates VegfR 
      gene expression within PMCs. In addition, miR-31 indirectly suppresses Vegf3 
      expression in the ectoderm. These results indicate that miR-31 coordinately 
      suppresses genes within the PMCs and in the ectoderm to impact PMC patterning and 
      skeletogenesis. This study identifies the novel function and molecular mechanism 
      of miR-31-mediated regulation in the developing embryo.
CI  - (c) 2015. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.
FAU - Stepicheva, Nadezda A
AU  - Stepicheva NA
AD  - Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
FAU - Song, Jia L
AU  - Song JL
AD  - Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA 
      jsong@udel.edu.
LA  - eng
GR  - P20 GM103446/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States
GR  - P20 GM103653/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States
GR  - 1P20GM10365301A/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20150923
PL  - England
TA  - Development
JT  - Development (Cambridge, England)
JID - 8701744
RN  - 0 (Homeodomain Proteins)
RN  - 0 (MicroRNAs)
RN  - EC 2.7.10.1 (Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism
MH  - Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
MH  - Gene Regulatory Networks
MH  - Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
MH  - Mesoderm/cytology/metabolism
MH  - MicroRNAs/genetics/*metabolism
MH  - Osteogenesis
MH  - Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor/genetics
MH  - Sea Urchins/*embryology/genetics/metabolism
PMC - PMC4647217
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Alx1
OT  - Cell migration
OT  - Cell patterning
OT  - Filopodia
OT  - MicroRNA
OT  - Pmar1
OT  - Primary mesenchyme cell
OT  - Snail
OT  - Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
OT  - Vegf signaling
OT  - VegfR
COIS- Competing interests The authors declare no competing or financial interests.
EDAT- 2015/09/25 06:00
MHDA- 2016/03/08 06:00
PMCR- 2016/11/01
CRDT- 2015/09/25 06:00
PHST- 2015/06/29 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2015/09/03 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2015/09/25 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2015/09/25 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2016/03/08 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2016/11/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - dev.127969 [pii]
AID - DEV127969 [pii]
AID - 10.1242/dev.127969 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Development. 2015 Nov 1;142(21):3769-80. doi: 10.1242/dev.127969. Epub 2015 Sep 
      23.