PMID- 26433363
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20160607
LR  - 20181202
IS  - 1095-8630 (Electronic)
IS  - 0301-4797 (Linking)
VI  - 165
DP  - 2016 Jan 1
TI  - Pilot-scale study on the treatment of basal aquifer water using ultrafiltration, 
      reverse osmosis and evaporation/crystallization to achieve zero-liquid discharge.
PG  - 213-223
LID - S0301-4797(15)30271-1 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.09.019 [doi]
AB  - Basal aquifer water is deep groundwater found at the bottom of geological 
      formations, underlying bitumen-saturated sands. Some of the concerns associated 
      with basal aquifer water at the Athabasca oil sands are the high concentrations 
      of hardness-causing compounds, alkalinity, and total dissolved solids. The 
      objective of this pilot-scale study was to treat basal aquifer water to a quality 
      suitable for its reuse in the production of synthetic oil. To achieve zero-liquid 
      discharge (ZLD) conditions, the treatment train included chemical oxidation, 
      polymeric ultrafiltration (UF), reverse osmosis (RO), and 
      evaporation-crystallization technologies. The results indicated that the UF unit 
      was effective in removing solids, with UF filtrate turbidity averaging 2.0 NTU 
      and silt density index averaging 0.9. Membrane autopsies indicated that iron was 
      the primary foulant on the UF and RO membranes. Laboratory and pilot-scale tests 
      on RO reject were conducted to determine the feasibility of ZLD crystallization. 
      Due to the high amounts of calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate in the RO reject, 
      softening of the feed was required to avoid scaling in the evaporator. Crystals 
      produced throughout the testing were mainly sodium chloride. The results of this 
      study indicated that the ZLD approach was effective in both producing freshwater 
      and minimizing brine discharges.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Loganathan, Kavithaa
AU  - Loganathan K
AD  - Canadian Natural Resources Ltd., Fort McMurray, Alberta, T9H 3H5, Canada.
FAU - Chelme-Ayala, Pamela
AU  - Chelme-Ayala P
AD  - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, 
      Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada.
FAU - Gamal El-Din, Mohamed
AU  - Gamal El-Din M
AD  - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, 
      Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada. Electronic address: mgamalel-din@ualberta.ca.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20151002
PL  - England
TA  - J Environ Manage
JT  - Journal of environmental management
JID - 0401664
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
SB  - IM
MH  - Crystallization
MH  - Fresh Water/*chemistry
MH  - Groundwater/*chemistry
MH  - Oil and Gas Fields
MH  - Osmosis
MH  - Pilot Projects
MH  - Ultrafiltration/methods
MH  - Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
MH  - Water Purification/*methods
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Basal aquifer water
OT  - Crystallization
OT  - Reverse osmosis
OT  - Ultrafiltration
OT  - Zero-liquid discharge
EDAT- 2015/10/05 06:00
MHDA- 2016/06/09 06:00
CRDT- 2015/10/05 06:00
PHST- 2015/07/23 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2015/08/20 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2015/09/13 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2015/10/05 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2015/10/05 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2016/06/09 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0301-4797(15)30271-1 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.09.019 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Environ Manage. 2016 Jan 1;165:213-223. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.09.019. 
      Epub 2015 Oct 2.