PMID- 26530501
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20160704
LR  - 20191210
IS  - 1879-0046 (Electronic)
IS  - 0376-8716 (Linking)
VI  - 157
DP  - 2015 Dec 1
TI  - Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and toxicology of new psychoactive substances 
      (NPS): 2C-B, 4-fluoroamphetamine and benzofurans.
PG  - 18-27
LID - S0376-8716(15)01693-2 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.10.011 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recently, the number of new psychoactive substances (NPS) appearing 
      on the illicit drug market has shown a marked increase. Although many users 
      perceive the risk of using NPS as medium or low, these substances can pose a 
      serious health risk and several NPS have been implicated in drug-related deaths. 
      In Europe, frequently detected NPS are 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 
      (2C-B), 4-fluoroamphetamine (4-FA) and benzofurans (5-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran 
      (5-APB) or 6-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (6-APB)). However, little is known about 
      the health risks of these specific NPS. METHODS: In this paper, existing 
      literature on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of 2C-B, 4-FA and 
      benzofurans (5-APB/6-APB) was reviewed. RESULTS: Our review showed that the 
      clinical effects of 2C-B, 4-FA and benzofurans (5-APB/6-APB) are comparable with 
      common illicit drugs like amphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine 
      (MDMA). Therefore, NPS toxicity can be handled by existing treatment guidelines 
      that are based on clinical effects instead of the specific drug involved. Even 
      so, information on the health risks of these substances is limited to a number of 
      case reports that are complicated by confounders such as analytical difficulties, 
      mislabelling of drugs, concomitant exposures and interindividual differences. 
      CONCLUSION: To aid in early legislation, data on clinical effects from poisons 
      centres and user fora should be combined with (in vitro) screening methods and 
      collaboration on an (inter)national level is essential. As a result, potentially 
      hazardous NPS could be detected more quickly, thereby protecting public health.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Nugteren-van Lonkhuyzen, Johanna J
AU  - Nugteren-van Lonkhuyzen JJ
AD  - National Poisons Information Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 
      Heidelberglaan 100, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: 
      A.vanLonkhuyzen@umcutrecht.nl.
FAU - van Riel, Antoinette J H P
AU  - van Riel AJ
AD  - National Poisons Information Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 
      Heidelberglaan 100, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: 
      A.vanRiel@umcutrecht.nl.
FAU - Brunt, Tibor M
AU  - Brunt TM
AD  - Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction (Trimbos Institute), 
      Department of Drug Monitoring, Da Costakade 45, 3521 VS Utrecht, The Netherlands; 
      Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 
      Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: 
      TBrunt@trimbos.nl.
FAU - Hondebrink, Laura
AU  - Hondebrink L
AD  - National Poisons Information Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 
      Heidelberglaan 100, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: 
      L.Hondebrink@umcutrecht.nl.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20151022
PL  - Ireland
TA  - Drug Alcohol Depend
JT  - Drug and alcohol dependence
JID - 7513587
RN  - 0 (Amphetamines)
RN  - 0 (Benzofurans)
RN  - 0 (Dimethoxyphenylethylamine)
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
RN  - 0 (Psychotropic Drugs)
RN  - S5744XYR1Z (4-fluoroamphetamine)
RN  - V77772N32H (2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethylamine)
SB  - IM
EIN - Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016 Feb 1;159:287-8
MH  - Amphetamines/*adverse effects/*pharmacokinetics
MH  - Benzofurans/*adverse effects/*pharmacokinetics
MH  - Dimethoxyphenylethylamine/adverse effects/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacokinetics
MH  - Humans
MH  - Illicit Drugs/adverse effects/pharmacokinetics
MH  - Psychotropic Drugs/*adverse effects/*pharmacokinetics
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Clinical
OT  - Designer drugs
OT  - Legal highs
OT  - Research chemicals
OT  - Toxicology
EDAT- 2015/11/05 06:00
MHDA- 2016/07/05 06:00
CRDT- 2015/11/05 06:00
PHST- 2015/05/23 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2015/09/04 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2015/10/01 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2015/11/05 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2015/11/05 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2016/07/05 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0376-8716(15)01693-2 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.10.011 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015 Dec 1;157:18-27. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.10.011. 
      Epub 2015 Oct 22.