PMID- 26535392
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
DCOM- 20151104
LR  - 20200930
IS  - 2325-9671 (Print)
IS  - 2325-9671 (Electronic)
IS  - 2325-9671 (Linking)
VI  - 3
IP  - 8
DP  - 2015 Aug
TI  - Factors Expressed in an Animal Model of Anteroinferior Glenohumeral Instability.
PG  - 2325967115599733
LID - 10.1177/2325967115599733 [doi]
LID - 2325967115599733
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is little information on the molecular factors important in 
      healing and changes that occur in the glenoid labrum in response to injury. Using 
      a novel animal model of acute anterior shoulder dislocation, this study 
      characterizes the factors expressed in the glenoid labrum in response to injury 
      and correlates their expression to glenohumeral stability. PURPOSE: To study the 
      response of the glenoid labrum to injury both biomechanically and with 
      immunohistochemical testing. METHODS: An injury to the anteroinferior labrum was 
      surgically induced in 50 male Lewis rats. Rats were sacrificed at 3, 7, 14, 28, 
      or 42 days. Immunolocalization experiments were performed to localize the 
      expression of growth factors and cytokines. For biomechanical testing, dynamic 
      stiffness for anterior and posterior laxity, load to failure, stiffness, and 
      maximum load were recorded. Statistical differences were determined at P < .05. 
      STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive laboratory study. RESULTS: Expression of interleukin-1 
      beta (IL-1beta), transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1), matrix 
      metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3), and matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) were 
      increased in injured compared with uninjured specimens. Collagen III expression 
      was increased early and decreased with time. Biomechanical testing verified 
      instability by demonstrating increased anterior displacement and decreased 
      stiffness in injured shoulders at all time points. CONCLUSION: This novel animal 
      model of acute anterior shoulder dislocation showed increased expression of 
      IL-1beta, TGF-beta1, MMP3, MMP13, and collagen III in the injured labral tissue at 
      early time points. Increased anterior laxity and decreased stiffness and maximum 
      load to failure were seen after anterior labral injury, supporting the model's 
      ability to re-create anterior glenohumeral instability. These data provide 
      important information on the temporal changes occurring in a rat model of 
      anterior glenohumeral dislocation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Identification of factors 
      expressed in the anterior capsule and glenoid labrum in response to injury may 
      lead to the development of novel agents that can be used to augment glenoid 
      labrum healing and ultimately improve both surgical and nonsurgical treatment of 
      this common shoulder injury.
FAU - Mulcahey, Mary K
AU  - Mulcahey MK
AD  - Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
FAU - Marshall, Mindy
AU  - Marshall M
AD  - EpiVax Inc, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
FAU - Gallacher, Stacey E
AU  - Gallacher SE
AD  - Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
FAU - Kaback, Lee A
AU  - Kaback LA
AD  - OrthoNY, Albany, New York, USA.
FAU - Blaine, Theodore A
AU  - Blaine TA
AD  - Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20150820
PL  - United States
TA  - Orthop J Sports Med
JT  - Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine
JID - 101620522
PMC - PMC4622309
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - animal model
OT  - anterior shoulder dislocation
OT  - biomechanical testing
OT  - cytokines
OT  - glenoid labrum
OT  - growth factors
OT  - shoulder instability
COIS- One or more of the authors has declared the following potential conflict of 
      interest or source of funding: M.K.M and T.A.B. received funding through an 
      Orthopaedic Research and Educational Foundation Grant.
EDAT- 2015/11/05 06:00
MHDA- 2015/11/05 06:01
PMCR- 2015/08/01
CRDT- 2015/11/05 06:00
PHST- 2015/11/05 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2015/11/05 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2015/11/05 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2015/08/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1177_2325967115599733 [pii]
AID - 10.1177/2325967115599733 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Orthop J Sports Med. 2015 Aug 20;3(8):2325967115599733. doi: 
      10.1177/2325967115599733. eCollection 2015 Aug.